Genre Conventions, Tropes, Common Themes, Settings, Characters, and Plot Devices of Some Genres: Part 1

In the vast and ever increasing world of literature, genre writing serves as a beacon that guides readers towards their preferred stories. Conventions and tropes are essential elements that define a genre. They serve as guidelines to help writers create stories within the specific boundaries of their chosen field, while also providing readers with familiarity and expectations when engaging with a particular type of narrative. Whether it’s mystery, romance, science fiction, or fantasy, each genre has its own set of conventions and tropes that help create an immersive experience for the writer as well as the reader. Understanding these elements is crucial to crafting compelling narratives that resonate with your audience.

“A classic is a book that has had its ideas stolen by a great many authors.” – T.S. Eliot (Poet and Critic)

Definitions

Conventions

Conventions refer to the unwritten rules or norms that govern a particular genre. They’re the shared expectations of what makes a story “good” in terms of character development, plot structure, and overall tone. Think of conventions as visual shorthand – they help attract readers who enjoy your genre while filtering out those who might not.

Tropes

Tropes refer to recurring themes or plot devices that appear across multiple stories within a particular genre. They’re the building blocks of storytelling and can be used to create tension, character development, or even humour. Think of tropes as shorthand for readers – they provide instant recognition and connection.

Plot devices

These are techniques or elements that authors use to create, develop, and drive the narrative of a story, and ensure that events unfold logically within the fictional world. They can serve to advance the plot, reveal character traits or motivations, create tension or suspense, or foreshadow events. They can be simple actions like a character discovering an important clue (foreshadowing), complex narrative structures such as nested stories within a larger plot (nested plots), or even unconventional methods that defy traditional expectations of how a story should unfold. They can be objects, events, or situations that drive the narrative forward by creating challenges for characters to overcome or by revealing hidden truths about the story world. These devices are essential tools in the hands of authors to keep readers engaged, build tension, and enhance thematic depth without being overtly obvious about their use.

Themes

Themes are the central ideas or concepts that a story explores and develops. They provide depth, insight, and meaning to a narrative, resonating with readers on an emotional level. Themes help readers understand the underlying message, lesson, or moral of a story and often reflect the author’s perspective. While themes can be abstract and conceptual, they are essential for creating a meaningful and engaging work of fiction or nonfiction.

They can be complex and open-ended, allowing for different interpretations by readers. They are often explored through the characters’ actions, behaviours, and arcs in a story and serve as the foundation on which the series of events and plot points of a narrative are laid. Authors should aim to subtly weave their theme into the story, trusting readers to understand its significance without explicitly stating it. A theme is not just a single idea; it can be multiple interconnected ideas that develop throughout the narrative. It’s essential for authors to have an understanding of their themes from early stages in writing as they shape character development, plot progression, conflict resolution, etc., but remember that these are flexible and may often evolve over time or through revisions.

Some guidelines

Research your desired genre: Before you start writing, familiarise yourself with the common themes, settings, characters, and plot devices typically found within your chosen genre. This will help you understand how to effectively use conventions and tropes without overusing them or making your story feel cliche.
Use tropes as a starting point: Tropes can be great tools for inspiration, but they should not dictate the entirety of your story. Instead, consider using tropes as a foundation upon which you build your unique narrative. This will help you create something fresh and engaging while still honouring the conventions of your chosen genre.
Subvert expectations: Don’t be afraid to twist or subvert common tropes in unexpected ways. By doing so, you can create a more original story that stands out from other works within your genre. Just make sure these twists are organic and serve the overall narrative rather than feeling forced or arbitrary.
Stay true to your characters: While it’s essential to follow genre conventions when necessary, always prioritise staying true to your characters and their motivations. If a trope doesn’t fit with who your characters are or what they would realistically do in a given situation, don’t force it into the story.
Combine tropes: Mixing and matching different genre conventions can lead to fresh, innovative ideas that keep readers engaged. Just be cautious not to overload your story with too many tropes at once, as this could result in a confusing or convoluted narrative.
Tropes as Story Hooks: Use well-established tropes within a given genre not only for their familiarity but also as effective hooks that draw readers inexorably towards certain types of narratives, such as the “love at first sight” trope or rivalry between characters (e.g., friends to lovers).
Genre Variations and Subgenres: Tropes can be adapted for cross-over genres, subgenres, or even hybrid works that blend elements from multiple categories (e.g., romantic suspense, sci-fi mystery), allowing you to experiment with different tropic combinations while still adhering to genre conventions and appealing to your target audience’s preferences.
Be aware of cultural sensitivity: Some tropes may have negative connotations or reinforce problematic stereotypes. Research and understand the potential implications of any trope you plan on using to ensure that your story is inclusive and respectful.
Continuously learn and evolve: As a writer, it’s essential to stay up-to-date with trends and developments within your chosen genre. This will help you identify new tropes and conventions as they emerge while also ensuring that your writing remains fresh and relevant.
Edit for originality: After completing your first draft, review your story for overused or cliche elements. Consider revising these sections to make them more unique and engaging.

Common mistakes to avoid

Over-reliance on Tropes: While it’s important to be familiar with genre-specific tropes, relying too heavily on them can make your story predictable or cliche. Aim to subvert expectations where appropriate without alienating the audience who appreciates those conventions.
Ignoring Character Development: Tropes often focus more on plot devices than character growth and development. Ensure that even when using tropes, your characters have depth, evolve over time, and face internal conflicts alongside external ones. This balance keeps readers engaged beyond the trope-driven narrative arc.
Lack of Originality: Tropes are a starting point for many stories across genres; however, original storytelling lies in how you twist or expand upon these tropes to create something unique and memorable. Avoid simply retreading the same beaten paths that countless other works have already explored.
Inconsistent Tropic Application: When using genre conventions across your work, maintain consistency in their application. If you start with a romance trope but then suddenly shift to an entirely different style without clear reason or transition, it can confuse readers and disrupt the narrative flow.
Neglecting Diversity: Tropes often come from limited perspectives (e.g., predominantly featuring heterosexual relationships in romance tropes). A common mistake is not considering diversity within your genre’s conventions, which can alienate readers who seek representation that reflects the real world more accurately and inclusively.
Ignoring subversion opportunities: Some genres thrive on subverting expectations, such as dark fantasy or anti-hero stories in urban fantasy. Avoiding these opportunities may result in a less engaging story for readers who enjoy the genre’s unique spin on tropes.
Not using tropes intentionally: Using tropes simply because they exist in your chosen genre isn’t enough. Make sure you understand why these conventions are important and how they can enhance your story.
Neglecting to research the specific subgenres: Each genre has its own set of conventions and tropes that can vary depending on the subgenre. Failing to research these nuances may result in a story that feels out of place or unnatural within your chosen genre.
Relying too heavily on cliches: While some cliches can be effective, overusing them can make your writing feel stale and predictable. Instead, aim to create fresh takes on familiar ideas by adding unique elements or twisting existing tropes in unexpected ways.

Key takeaways

Understanding tropes and genre expectations: Recognise that tropes are common thematic patterns, archetypes, or story hooks in genre fiction which resonate with audiences due to their mythic ancestry and human storytelling traditions.
Tropes as narrative tools: Tropes serve a dual purpose; they attract readers by fulfilling expectations while also providing writers the flexibility within those conventions, allowing for creativity without straying too far from genre norms that could alienate audiences.
Use tropes effectively: Tropes are not cliches if used creatively. They provide a framework for readers to engage with the story while still allowing room for originality and innovation. Use them as tools to build tension, create emotional connections between characters, or add depth to your plot.
Use shared tropes to reduce explaining: Genre conventions are built on shared tropes that describe stereotypical characters or situations. By incorporating these tropes into your story, you can do less work in terms of world-building and character development, allowing readers to quickly understand the context.
Dip into expectations as much as shaking them up: Audiences love it when creators subvert their expectations while still honouring genre conventions. Use this balance to create a unique narrative that surprises and delights your readers.
Plot structure importance: Even if you’re not a plotter, understanding story structure is crucial in genres like romance where readers anticipate specific elements such as tension, drama, heartbreak at various points of the narrative arc to create an engaging and satisfying reading experience.
Mutation from basic patterns: Tropes have evolved over time but originated from basic human storytelling patterns; therefore, exploring their mythic ancestry can provide deeper insights into why certain tropes are compelling within a genre like romance and how they contribute to the evolution of its narrative.
Balance familiarity and surprise: Genre conventions provide a foundation for storytelling, but it’s essential to balance this familiarity with unexpected twists and surprises. By doing so, you’ll keep readers engaged and invested in the narrative while still honouring the genre’s expectations.

“You must give your readers something to recognise as their own, so that they will have the pleasure of seeing it made familiar before their eyes, but you must also give them something which is new and startling, so that they will have the pleasure of discovering it.” – E.M. Forster (Novelist)

Specific Genre Conventions and Tropes

The following sections are not meant to be used as a cut n’paste introduction to a novel where you tick all the boxes of a specific genre, with the hope of getting good sales of your book!

Action

“In action writing, brevity can be as powerful as the scene itself if used effectively – each word must earn its place on the page.” – Tom Clancy

Conventions

Conventions for the action genre typically include fast-paced, high-stakes narratives that often involve physical confrontations or combat scenes. Here are some key elements commonly found in action genres:

Action sequences and fight choreography: Well-executed action scenes with detailed descriptions of movements, stunts, and special effects can captivate readers who enjoy this genre. These scenes should have a clear beginning (setup), middle (conflict or climax), and end (resolution).
Fast-paced narrative: Action stories typically have a quick pace to maintain suspense and excitement throughout the story.
Dynamic characters: Action genres often feature strong protagonists capable of overcoming challenges through physical prowess, intelligence, and resourcefulness. Supporting cast members may also be skilled fighters with unique abilities that contribute to the story’ elements like suspense, tension, adrenaline-pumping dialogue, cliffhangers at key moments, unexpected plot twists, or unconventional settings (e.g., abandoned buildings, war zones).
Clear character motivations: Characters are often driven by a strong desire or goal that propels them into dangerous situations. Protagonists are often highly skilled fighters, spies, or operatives who have undergone rigorous training to excel in their field.
Themes and motifs: Action stories often explore themes such as heroism, sacrifice, justice, revenge, survival, loyalty, honour, and the struggle between good versus evil. Common motifs include chase scenes, high-speed pursuits or escapes, standoffs with adversaries, undercover operations, covert missions, sabotage attempts, and more.
Visual elements: Action genres frequently employ vivid imagery to create a sense of urgency and excitement – think explosive visual effects (e.g., fireworks, car crashes), dynamic camera angles during fight scenes, or detailed depictions of weaponry and gadgets used by characters. Action stories may incorporate advanced technology or specialised equipment that aid the protagonist in their mission.
Detailed descriptions of action scenes: These scenes should be vivid, engaging readers with precise details about setting, characters’ movements, and the unfolding events.
Physical conflict: Action stories usually involve physical confrontations between characters, whether it is a fight scene or an escape from danger.
High stakes: The story often revolves around saving someone, preventing catastrophe, or achieving a significant goal with life-or-death consequences.
Genre-specific tropes: Action genres have several well-established conventions that readers expect to see in the storytelling (e.g., a lone hero with exceptional combat skills, an unstoppable villain bent on world domination or destruction). Familiarity and adherence to these tropes can help engage fans of action fiction while maintaining genre authenticity.
Character development: While physical prowess is important in the action genre, well-rounded characters with depth are also essential for creating compelling stories that resonate with readers beyond just their love for adrenaline-pumping scenes. Characters should grow and evolve throughout the narrative as they face challenges, overcome obstacles, or make difficult choices in pursuit of a greater goal (e.g., saving lives, dismantling an evil organisation). Characters should be well-rounded and relatable to readers despite being involved in high-stakes situations.
Realistic settings: The story’s setting should feel authentic, whether it is a bustling city or an isolated wilderness.
Pacing: Action genres typically have fast-paced plots with rapid scene changes and quick character interactions to maintain momentum throughout the storytelling process. However, it’s essential not to sacrifice depth or emotional resonance for pure action; a balance between high stakes scenes and moments of introspection can make an engaging narrative that appeals to both fans of fast-paced stories and those who appreciate character development and thematic exploration.
Diversity: Action genres are not limited by gender, race or ethnicity; they welcome a wide range of protagonists from different backgrounds with unique abilities and motivations that contribute to the story’s richness and appeal for diverse audience.
Elements of suspense and surprise: Action stories should keep readers guessing with unexpected twists and turns throughout the narrative.

Tropes

Genre tropes for the action genre typically include high-stakes scenarios, fast pacing, physical confrontations between characters with contrasting abilities or skills (hero vs. villain), and often a clear distinction of good versus evil where heroes fight against oppressive forces to save others or achieve justice. Here are some specific examples:

The Chosen One: A protagonist who is the only one capable of defeating an antagonistic force, such as saving humanity from destruction (e.g., “The Last Dragon” trope).
Secret Weapon/Ability: Characters possess unique skills or gadgets that give them an edge in combat and are crucial to the plot’s progression (e.g., Bruce Wayne with his Batarang, Tony Stark as Iron Man).
The Final Showdown: A climactic battle where all major characters face off against a formidable antagonist or their minions (e.g., “The Big Battle” trope in the Lord of the Rings series).
Team-Up Dynamics: Characters with different backgrounds and abilities come together to fight evil, each contributing uniquely to the team’s success (e.g., The Avengers or X-Men teams).
Moral Ambiguity: Actions are not always clearly good or bad; characters may have complex motivations that blur lines between heroism and villainy (e.g., “The Grey Area” trope in films like John Wick, where the protagonist is a skilled assassin).
The Ultimate Sacrifice: Characters make significant personal sacrifices for the greater good or to save others from harm (e.g., Luke Skywalker’s death and resurrection on Return of the Jedi as part of “The Force Awakens” trope continuity).
The Hero with a Dark Past: Protagonists often have a mysterious or troubled past that is revealed throughout the story, adding depth to their character and motivations.
High-Stakes Mission: Action stories typically involve a mission with life-or-death consequences for the protagonist or others involved in the conflict.
Skilled Fighter/Spymaster: The hero may be an expert martial artist, spy, or operative who has undergone rigorous training to excel in their field.
Gadgets and Advanced Technology: Action stories often incorporate advanced technology or specialised equipment that aid the protagonist in their mission.
Close Quarters Combat: Fight scenes may take place in confined spaces, emphasising hand-to-hand combat skills and strategic thinking.
The Reluctant Hero: Protagonists might initially resist taking on a crucial role but are eventually compelled to do so by external circumstances or personal convictions.
Double Agents/Betrayal: Trusted allies may reveal themselves as double agents, adding an element of surprise and suspense to the story.
The Countdown: Action stories often involve a ticking clock, with events unfolding under time pressure to create tension and urgency.
High-Speed Pursuits/Chases: Car chases or other high-speed pursuits can add excitement and danger to action scenes.
Last Stand: The hero may be forced into a desperate battle against overwhelming odds, using their skills and resourcefulness to overcome the enemy in an epic final confrontation.

Common themes

Some common themes in the action genre include:

Politics: often exploring political intrigue, conspiracy theories, and power struggles.
Morals: dealing with ethical dilemmas and choices that characters have to make under pressure.
Death: as a consequence of dangerous situations or high-stakes decisions.
Survival: both physical survival in life-threatening scenarios and emotional survival through overcoming obstacles.
Adventure: action stories often involve thrilling, adrenaline-pumping experiences that take the characters to unexpected places.
Love: romantic relationships or deep bonds between characters can be a driving force for their actions in the story.
Rebellion and Oppression: heroes may fight against oppressive forces or systems that are unjust, creating tension and conflict throughout the narrative.
Good versus evil.
Rebellion and resistance against oppressive forces or regimes.
Survival, both physical and emotional.
Justice and retribution for wrongdoing.
The hero’s journey and transformation.
Teamwork and camaraderie among the protagonists.
High-stakes situations with life or death consequences.

These themes often reflect primal emotions such as courage, resilience, loyalty, justice, and determination to overcome challenging situations or adversaries, are often used to drive the plot and characters in an action story, keeping readers emotionally invested.

Additionally, it’s worth noting that these themes can also be found in other genres, such as thriller or suspense novels.

Common settings

Some common settings in the action genre include:

Natural landscapes with high-adrenaline activities like mountains, forests, or coastlines.
Space or futuristic cityscapes (in science fiction action).
Arenas for combat sports or competitions.
Vehicles or vehicles’ interiors during fast-paced chases or battles (cars, planes, boats, etc.).
Highly secured facilities or locations where the protagonist must infiltrate to retrieve an object or stop a threat.
Urban environments with derelict cityscapes, often featuring high-rise buildings and narrow alleys for intense chase scenes or combat sequences. This may be a dark and gritty environment that often plays a significant part in the story, and can create an atmosphere of poverty or disadvantage.
Dystopian futures where characters navigate a world plagued by political unrest, environmental disasters, or advanced technology gone awry.
Military bases or training facilities, providing opportunities for action-packed training exercises, missions, and confrontations with enemies.
Natural settings such as mountains, forests, or deserts that can be used to showcase the characters’ physical abilities and endurance in challenging environments.

These settings may also be combined with other elements such as magic, fantastical, or sci-fi elements to create a unique blend of genres.

Common characters

Here are some common character archetypes you might find in an action films or book, and can be combined, modified or subverted to create unique and engaging stories in the action genre.

The Hero/Protagonist: Often a skilled fighter or operative, who must save the day, who takes on the main antagonist and saves the day, and who who takes on seemingly insurmountable challenges, often facing personal growth or redemption throughout their journey. Examples include Ethan Hunt (Mission Impossible), Jason Bourne (Bourne series), and John McClane (Die Hard).
The Anti-Hero/Rogue: A morally ambiguous character who may not always follow traditional heroic rules, and may be a flawed character with a dark past or moral ambiguity, often struggling with their own demons while fighting against the main antagonist, and displaying cynicism and disillusionment with the world around them. Examples include Snake Plissken (Escape from New York) and Frank Martin (Transporter series), Wolverine (X-Men), Deadpool, and Bruce Wayne/Batman.
The Mentor: These characters provide guidance, wisdom, and sometimes training to the protagonist, often with a mysterious or enigmatic past. They may be an experienced fighter or skilled professional who guides and trains the hero throughout the story. Examples include Obi-Wan Kenobi (Star Wars), Morpheus (The Matrix), Yoda (Star Wars) and Morpheus (The Matrix series)
The Sidekick/Partner/Supporting Character: These characters assist the main protagonist in their journey or mission, often providing comic relief, emotional support, or valuable information. Examples include John Woo’s “Brother” character archetype (Hard Boiled and The Killer) and Sam Fisher’s partner Elena Feliciano (Splinter Cell series), Robin to Batman, Manny to Vin Diesel’s characters in Fast & Furious series.
The Villain/Antagonist: These characters are the primary opposition to the protagonist and provide conflict, often with a motive that is personal or ideological in nature. They can be a powerful criminal mastermind (like Khan from Star Trek II), a corrupt government official (like Senator Roark from Die Hard with a Vengeance), or even another skilled fighter (like Bryan Mills’ daughter in Taken), Hans Gruber (Die Hard), Ivan Vanko (Iron Man 2), and Alexei Torres (Red Sparrow).
The Love Interest/Romantic Partner: Often used as a motivation for the main character’s actions, these characters can be supportive or challenging to the protagonist, and may provide emotional support and motivation for the hero, often facing danger themselves. Examples include Nyoti Uhura to James Kirk (Star Trek) and Trinity to Neo (The Matrix), Sarah Connor (Terminator series), and Nyah Nord-Offer (The Rock).
The Mercenary/Assassin: Often used by antagonists, but sometimes align themselves with the protagonist (e.g., The Raiders from John Wick films and TV series who assist in various missions throughout their stories). They may also be a skilled fighter or assassin hired by either the protagonist or antagonist to carry out specific tasks. They can be a sympathetic character with their own motivations, like Frank Martin in Taken, or more ruthless and merciless, like Col. Kurtz from Apocalypse Now.
The Enigmatic Figure: A mysterious character who may have hidden motives or abilities that are revealed over time. Examples include Chancellor Palpatine/Darth Sidious (Star Wars) and Mr. Smith (The Matrix Reloaded).
The Expert: An expert in a specific field, like technology, weapons, or espionage, who assists the hero with their knowledge and skills. Examples include Q from James Bond series and Cipher from Fast & Furious franchise.
The Betrayer/Double Agent: A character who initially appears to be an ally but later reveals themselves as working against the protagonist or is manipulated by the antagonist. Examples include Judas Priest in The Matrix Reloaded, and Aldrich Killian in Iron Man 3.
The Civilians/Innocents: Regular people caught up in the action who may need rescuing or protection from danger. They can also provide important information to the protagonist. Examples include Marion Ravenwood (Raiders of the Lost Ark) and the family in Die Hard.
Antagonist(s): They are typically powerful and ruthless villains that pose a significant threat to the hero (e.g., Jyn Erso in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story as an action-packed character within the sci-fi/space opera subgenre).
The Underdog: Who starts off with little combat experience but grows into a formidable fighter through the course of their journey (e.g., Chris D’lish in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider as an action-packed video game protagonist, though not strictly classified within traditional “action” genre films).
The Vigilante: Usually seeking justice and revenge against villains who have caused harm or committed crimes (e.g., Batman from the DC Comics universe portrayed in various superhero movies like Christopher Nolan’s Dark Knight Trilogy, which blends action with drama/thriller elements).
The Mastermind: Usually behind a complex plot that drives intense and high-stakes action sequences (e.g., Dr. Evelyn Necker in the James Bond film “Goldfinger,” who orchestrates elaborate schemes involving explosives, gadgets, and other dangerous situations for world domination).

These characters often find themselves engaged in intense physical confrontations or high-stakes missions that involve action sequences such as chases, fights against powerful adversaries, heists, sabotage attempts, covert operations, etc. While some of these character types can be found across various genres (e.g., mentor characters), they are particularly prominent in the “action” genre and its subgenres like action-adventure, spy thriller/mystery, sci-fi/space opera, superhero films, etc.

NB. These characters are not exhaustive, but they do represent common archetypes found within action genre stories.

Common plot devices

In the action genre, some common plot devices include:

Internal Conflicts: Characters within an action narrative often grapple with their own fears, doubts, and emotional struggles while trying to overcome external challenges. This can add depth to the characters’ development as they confront personal obstacles alongside physical ones. An example is Neo in The Matrix facing his internal conflict about reality versus illusion along with fighting against Agent Smith.
Rising Action: As a crucial component of any action story, rising action builds tension and suspense by introducing complications that escalate the stakes for the protagonist(s). This can involve uncovering secrets about their adversaries or facing unexpected obstacles in pursuit of their goals.
Time Pressure: Action narratives often feature time-sensitive situations, such as a ticking bomb countdown or an imminent attack on innocents that the protagonist must prevent at all costs within tight deadlines. This urgency keeps readers engaged and heightens emotional investment in the story’s outcome.
Chase Scenes: High-speed pursuits, whether by car chases like those seen in James Bond films or foot races against time to stop a villain from committing an act of terrorism, are iconic plot devices that create excitement and suspense within action narratives.
Secret Agents/Spies: Many action stories involve protagonists who work as secret agents navigating dangerous missions involving espionage or covert operations against formidable enemies in a world where information is power. Examples include the spy thrillers featuring Jason Bourne and characters from Tom Clancy’s novels like Jack Ryan.
Special Abilities: Some action narratives incorporate supernatural elements, such as special powers or abilities possessed by protagonists (e.g., Superman) that enable them to overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges in their fight against evil forces.
Fight or battle scenes: Combat is a central element of many action stories, showcasing physical prowess and strategic thinking in intense confrontations between the protagonist(s) and antagonists.
Gadgets and technology: Action narratives often involve advanced gadgets, weapons, or vehicles that help the main character overcome obstacles or defeat their enemies.
High-stakes situations: The protagonist faces a dangerous or life-threatening situation, often involving crime, espionage, or physical challenges that require quick thinking and skilful execution to overcome.
Climactic battle: The story typically culminates in a major confrontation between the protagonist(s) and antagonist(s), with high stakes and intense action to resolve the central conflict of the plot.
Flashbacks and Foreshadowing: These devices help create a sense of mystery around the story’s events, revealing crucial information about past incidents or hinting at future plot twists that keep readers engaged throughout the narrative arc.
Plot Twists: Action stories often feature unexpected turns in their plots to surprise and captivate audiences by subverting conventional expectations of how a story unfolds, keeping them on edge as they anticipate what might happen next.
Dramatic Irony: This device occurs when the reader knows more about an event or situation than one or several characters in the narrative do, adding tension and emotional depth to key moments within action stories (e.g., knowing that a character is walking into a trap).
The MacGuffin: A plot device that motivates characters to take action and drive the story forward.
Red Herrings: False clues or misleading information designed to distract from the true goal or villain.
Double Crosses: Betrayals by trusted allies or unexpected enemies that add tension to the story.
High-Stakes Confrontations: Action-packed showdowns between heroes and villains, often with high stakes (e.g., saving the world).
The Quest: A journey undertaken by the hero to achieve a specific goal, overcome obstacles, and prove themselves.

These plot devices can be combined in various ways to create engaging stories that keep readers on the edge of their seats!

In summary, common plot devices of the action genre include external conflicts with powerful adversaries, internal struggles faced by protagonists alongside physical challenges, rising action leading up to high-stakes climaxes, and various other elements designed to create suspenseful narratives that keep readers engaged.

Fantasy

“In fantasy writing, every word counts because you’re building a whole new universe from scratch; make sure each one serves your story and adds to that magical atmosphere.” – Neil Gaiman

Conventions

Fantasy genre conventions typically include some of the following elements:

Magical Elements: The presence of magic, mythical creatures (dragons, unicorns), and supernatural phenomena is a hallmark feature in fantasy novels. This can range from subtle magical occurrences to elaborate spell-casting systems or enchanted objects with special powers.
Mythological Inspiration: Many fantasy stories draw upon mythology, folklore, legends, and ancient cultures for their settings, creatures, magic systems, and overarching themes (e.g., The Lord of the Rings‘ influence from Norse myths).
Epic Quests or Journeys: Fantasy novels often feature protagonists embarking on epic quests to save their world, defeat evil forces, find hidden treasures, or uncover ancient secrets (e.g., The Hobbit’s journey with Bilbo Baggins).
Heroes and Villains Archetypes: Characters in fantasy often embody classic archetypal roles such as the heroic protagonist, wise mentor figure, powerful villain or antagonist, magical creature ally/enemy, etc., which provide familiarity to readers (e.g., Frodo Baggins vs. Sauron in The Lord of the Rings).
Imaginary Worlds: Fantasy novels typically take place within richly detailed and expansive fictional worlds with their own history, geography, cultures, magic systems, political structures, etc., that readers can immerse themselves into (e.g., Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings).
High Fantasy: A subgenre where good versus evil is a central theme and often involves an epic struggle between forces representing these opposing ideals; this includes stories like George RR Martin’s Game of Thrones or J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series (e.g., The Lord of the Rings).
Low Fantasy: A subgenre where fantastical elements are woven into a realistic, contemporary setting; this includes stories like Neil Gaiman’s American Gods or Susanna Clarke’s Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (e.g., The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher).
Diverse Magical Systems: Fantasy novels often feature unique and intricate magic systems with rules, limitations, costs, sources of power, etc.; examples include the Elvish languages in Tolkien’s works or Harry Potter’s spellcasting (e.g., The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss).
Heroic Quests: Protagonists often embark on personal journeys to achieve a specific goal, overcome challenges and grow as individuals; this includes stories like Percy Jackson in Rick Riordan’s series or Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings (e.g., A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin).
Mythical Creatures: Fantasy novels frequently feature mythological creatures such as dragons, griffins, elves, dwarves, and other fantastical beasts; examples include Smaug the Dragon in The Hobbit or Gandalf’s wizardly allies (e.g., How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell).
Epic Battles: Large-scale conflicts between good versus evil forces, often involving magical powers and legendary creatures; examples include the Battle of Pelennor Fields in The Lord of the Rings or Helm’s Deep siege from J.R.R. Tolkien’s works (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Lore-rich Settings: Fantasy novels often have extensive backstories, histories, mythologies, folklores, or cultures that enrich the world-building; examples include The Chronicles of Narnia‘s history with talking animals and magical creatures (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Intricate World-Building: Fantasy novels typically feature complex, detailed settings that provide a sense of depth to the story; examples include Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings or Westeros from Game of Thrones (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Magical Items: Stories often feature powerful magical artifacts, weapons, or relics that play significant roles in plot development; examples include the One Ring in The Lord of the Rings or Daenerys Targaryens’ dragon eggs (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Heroic Protagonists: Fantasy novels often feature courageous, determined protagonists who embark on epic quests to save their world or overcome great challenges; examples include Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings or Harry Potter himself (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Complex Magic Systems: Fantasy novels may have intricate magic systems with rules, limitations, costs, sources of power, etc.; examples include wizardry in The Lord of the Rings or magical abilities specific to different races (e.g., Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling).
Moral Ambiguity: Fantasy novels often explore complex ethical dilemmas and moral ambiguities, where characters must make difficult choices between good versus evil; examples include the Trollocs’ morality in The Wheel of Time or Daenerys Targaryens’ decisions (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Supernatural Forces: Fantasy novels may feature gods, goddesses, spirits, demons, etc., that influence the story; examples include Valar in The Silmarillion or various deities from Norse mythology (e.g., A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin).
Enchanted Objects: Stories may feature magical items with special powers, curses, or enchantments that play a significant role in the plot; examples include Excalibur from Arthurian legends or Merlin’s staff (e.g., The Sword of Shannara by Terry Brooks).
Epic Battles: Fantasy novels often feature large-scale conflicts between good and evil forces, involving mythical creatures, magical powers, etc.; examples include the final battle in A Song of Ice and Fire or Helm’s Deep siege (e.g., The Wheel of Time by Robert Jordan).
Inclusion of magical elements, such as spells, enchantments, or supernatural creatures like dragons, unicorns, fairies, etc.
Fantasy worlds with unique settings and landscapes that may be inspired by mythology, folklore, or traditional stories. These can include parallel universes, otherworldly realms, or alternate versions of Earth.
Deep characterisation, often including protagonists who are destined for greatness (the “chosen one” trope) and embark on epic quests or journeys.
Elements of adventure, conflict, and heroism as the story’s central themes.
Fantasy novels may also incorporate elements from other genres such as romance, horror, historical fiction, etc., creating sub-genres like urban fantasy, high fantasy, epic fantasy, or dark fantasy.
Typically uses vivid imagery and evocative language to create a sense of wonder and immersion in the story’s world.

Tropes

Fantasy literature is rich with recurring thematic elements and narrative devices known as tropes. These are storytelling techniques that have become familiar through their frequent use across various fantasy works, helping to shape reader expectations within this genre. Understanding these tropes can aid writers in crafting engaging stories while also providing a framework for innovation by subverting or combining elements uniquely.

Magical World-building: The creation of an intricate magical world with its own rules, history, and societies is fundamental to fantasy fiction. This includes the presence of magic systems, mythic creatures, ancient prophecies, or hidden realms that characters must navigate. Magic Systems – Rules for how magic works in the world of the story.
Quest Narratives: Many fantasy stories revolve around a central quest where heroes embark on journeys to find artefacts, defeat villains, save the world. These quests often involve overcoming various challenges and meeting diverse characters along the way. The main character embarks on a journey, often with companions, to retrieve a powerful artefact or defeat a formidable foe.
The Chosen One: A common trope is that one individual among many possesses a unique destiny or special power to fulfil an important role in saving their realm from impending doom. This character often starts as ordinary but grows into greatness through trials and personal growth. A hero destined by prophecy or fate to save the world from an impending doom.
Magic Swords, Spells, and Rituals: The use of magical weapons like swords or wands that grant special powers to their bearers is a trope seen in fantasy stories. Similarly, spells and rituals are essential plot devices for characters seeking knowledge, power, or transformation. An enchanted weapon that only the true hero can wield effectively.
Dark Lords/Wizards: Villains with immense magical abilities who seek domination over the world often serve as antagonists in fantasy narratives. Their schemes and conflicts drive much of the plot forward through their opposition to heroes or chosen ones. Powerful beings who can manipulate the elements or bend reality to their will. Evil rulers who seek to conquer or destroy the world.
Magical Worlds and Realms: Fantasy stories often take place in alternate worlds filled with magic and mythical creatures.
Dragons: Majestic, intelligent, and powerful creatures that are often used as antagonists or protectors.
Elves, Dwarves, Orcs, etc.: Fantasy races with distinct cultures and abilities.
Epic Battles: Large-scale conflicts between armies or powerful beings.
Prophecies and Foretelling: Predictions about future events that often influence the plot of the story.
Witches, Warlocks, Sorceresses: Characters with magical abilities who may not be as powerful as wizards but are still influential in the story.
Enchanted Objects/Places: Ordinary objects or locations imbued with magic and special powers.
Mythical Creatures (Unicorns, Mermaids, etc.): Fantastical beings that often symbolise purity, beauty, or other virtues.
Time Travel: The ability to move through time can create interesting plot twists and challenges for characters.
Shapeshifters/Werecreatures: Characters who can transform into animals, usually as a result of being cursed.
Lost Civilisations or Ancient Artefacts: Remnants from past civilisations that hold powerful secrets or abilities.
Elemental Magic (Fire, Water, Earth, Air): A common type of magic system where characters can manipulate the elements.
Portal Fantasy: Characters travel to another world through a portal or magical doorway.
Good vs Evil Themes: Stories often revolve around the struggle between good and evil forces in the world.

Remember, while these tropes are common in fantasy stories, it’s essential to put your unique spin on them to create an original and engaging story for readers.

Common themes

Some common themes in the fantasy genre could include?

Coming of age: This theme is often explored in young adult fiction and involves a character’s transition from childhood to adulthood.
Love (romantic and friendship): Fantasy stories may revolve around human relationships or explore non-human forms of love, such as the bond between characters and their magical worlds, or the deep friendships that develop throughout the story.
Good versus evil: This classic conflict drives many fantasy plots, pitting heroes against villains in a struggle for power, justice, or survival. Or battling forces of darkness to restore balance or maintain peace in a world plagued by chaos.
Morals: Fantasy stories often grapple with moral dilemmas, encouraging readers to consider complex issues like right vs. wrong, loyalty, and sacrifice.
Politics: The intrigue of magical realms can lead to political machinations, as characters navigate court politics, alliances, and rivalries.
Death: Confronting mortality and understanding its place in the grand scheme of things.
Survival: Overcoming obstacles, both physical and emotional, to continue on a quest or maintain one’s existence.
Adventure: Embarking on thrilling journeys filled with danger, mystery, and excitement.

These themes may be intertwined or emerge separately in different fantasy stories.

Common settings

Some common settings in the fantasy genre include:

Historical or mythical worlds: These often involve a richly detailed world with its own history, cultures, and geography. Examples include Middle-earth from The Lord of the Rings series by J.R.R. Tolkien and Westeros from Game of Thrones by George R.R. Martin.
Medieval or pseudo-medieval worlds: Often inspired by Arthurian legends and other mythologies (e.g., The Lord of the Rings).
Magical realms: These settings often involve a blend of reality with fantastical elements, such as magical forests or otherworldly dimensions. Examples include the world in The Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis and the realm of Faerie from Seanan McGuire’s Incryptid series.
Gothic settings: These often involve dark, atmospheric locations with a sense of mystery or haunting. Examples include the moors in Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë and the castle in Dracula by Bram Stoker.
Steampunk worlds: These are alternate histories where technology is powered by steam and often features Victorian-era aesthetics combined with futuristic elements. Examples include The Extraordinary Adventures of the Atomic Robo series by Rick Remender and Steve Skroce, and Leviathan Wakes by James S.A. Corey (Ty Franck & Daniel Abraham).
Urban fantasy settings: These stories take place in contemporary urban environments with fantastical elements interwoven into everyday life. This is where the mundane world meets magical elements in a contemporary setting (e.g., Cassandra Clare’s The Mortal Instruments, Neil Gaiman’s American Gods), often featuring cities like New York or Los Angeles as central locations for intrigue and adventure. Examples include the Harry Potter series set in modern-day England or the Shadowhunter Chronicles, which are set in present-day New York City and Los Angeles.
Gothic settings: Creepy locations such as forests, old mansions, deserted manor houses, or windswept, secluded areas, often involving magic or supernatural beings.
Dystopian futures with advanced technology: Juxtaposed against a backdrop that may have fallen into decay or oppression (e.g., Suzanne Collins’ Hunger Games series, which also features urban settings like District 12 and Panem Capitol City).
Alternate histories: this is where fantasy elements are interwoven with real historical events but set in a world that deviates from our own timeline or reality (e.g., Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials series, which features the parallel universe of Lyra Belacqua and her adventures).
Enchanted forests, magical islands, hidden realms beneath cities, ancient ruins, mystic mountains: Settings that are inherently fantastical (e.g., J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series with Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry).
Alternate dimensions/universes: These may exist parallel to our own reality but are distinctly different in terms of physics, magic systems, creatures, etc., such as the world depicted by Brandon Sanderson’s Cosmere universe (e.g., Mistborn series).

Common characters

These are just a few examples of the many characters you might find in fantasy stories. Remember that every genre has its own set of common tropes and archetypes, which can serve as inspiration for your writing!

The Hero: The main protagonist of the story, who embarks on a quest or faces challenges to save the day. Often with magical abilities or special skills. Examples: Harry Potter (Harry Potter series), Eragon (Eragon series).
The Villain: The primary antagonist, whose actions drive the conflict and plot forward, and may cause the main conflict of the story, often with their own motivations and desires. Examples: Voldemort (Harry Potter series), Sauron (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
The Mentor: A wise, experienced guide who guides and supports the hero navigate on their journey. Examples: Dumbledore (Harry Potter series), Gandalf (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
The Sidekick: A trusted companion who supports the hero throughout their quest or adventure. Often providing assistance or comic relief. Examples: Ron Weasley (Harry Potter series), Pippin Took (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
The Love Interest: A character with whom the hero has a romantic connection or potential for romance, and often playing a significant role in the story’s development, conflict and growth. Examples: Hermione Granger (Harry Potter series), Éowyn (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
The Alternative Hero: A secondary protagonist whose story intersects with that of the main hero, often offering an alternative perspective. Examples: Kvothe (The Kingkiller Chronicles), Cardan Greenbriar (the Folk of the Air trilogy).
The Secondary Villain: A lesser antagonist who may have their own motivations and conflicts, but ultimately serves to further the main villain’s goals, and may assist or oppose the main villain. Examples: Dolores Umbridge (Harry Potter series), Saruman (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
The Chosen One: A prophesied saviour destined to save the world from darkness.
The Outlander: An individual from another realm or dimension brought into our world for adventure or conflict.
The Trickster: A mischievous, cunning character who often plays both sides against each other. Or they could be characters who use wit and cunning to navigate challenging situations, often providing comic relief or unexpected solutions (e.g., Loki from Norse mythology).
The Warrior-Mage: A skilled fighter with magical abilities.
The Magical Aide: A supernatural being that helps the hero in their quest, often possessing unique abilities or knowledge. Or they could be a character with magical abilities who helps the hero in their quest, often providing crucial information or assistance. Examples: Dobby (Harry Potter series), Tinker Bell (Peter Pan).
The Monster: An otherworldly creature posing a physical threat to the protagonist and/or world. Examples: Smaug (The Hobbit), the Dragon (Game of Thrones series).
The Rival/Foil: A character who challenges or competes with the main character, often highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and sharing similarities but highlighting their differences. Examples: Malfoy family (Harry Potter series), Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee (The Lord of the Rings trilogy).
Fellowship/Alliance: A group of characters that form a bond based on shared goals and values, working together to overcome obstacles they couldn’t face alone (e.g., the Fellowship of the Ring in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings).
Magic User: Characters who possess magical abilities or wield magic, often serving as sources of wisdom and power within their respective worlds (e.g., Merlin from Arthurian legends).
Mystical Guide: Characters who possess knowledge about hidden realms, ancient lore, or magical secrets that aid heroes on their quests (e.g., Gandalf in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings).
Rebel Leader: A charismatic figure leading a group of rebels against oppressive forces in their quest for freedom or justice (e.g., Katniss Everdeen as the Mockingjay in Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games).
Mystical Creature/Beast: Magical beings that inhabit fantasy worlds, often embodying natural forces and possessing unique abilities (e.g., dragons or phoenixes).
Wise Elder: An older character who imparts wisdom, guidance, or prophecies to heroes through their experiences in the past (e.g., Gandalf as a wizard with deep knowledge of Middle-earth’s history and lore).

These characters contribute significantly to creating immersive fantasy worlds filled with adventure, intrigue, magic, and moral complexity. Their interactions drive narratives forward while reflecting the rich tapestry of human emotions, motivations, and conflicts found within these imaginative realms.

Common plot devices

Some common plot devices of the fantasy genre include:

The Chosen One: A character destined to save the world or fulfil a prophecy, often with special powers or abilities. They could appear as a protagonist who is destined to save the world from an ancient evil or prophecy Examples: Harry Potter (Harry Potter series), Frodo Baggins (The Lord of the Rings).
Quest: Characters embark on a journey to achieve a specific goal, often facing various obstacles and challenges along the way, to retrieve a powerful artifact, defeat a dark lord, or complete a noble quest. Examples: The Fellowship’s quest to destroy the One Ring (The Lord of the Rings), Eragon seeking to become a Dragon Rider (Eragon series).
Good vs. Evil Conflicts: The eternal struggle between light and darkness, with heroes fighting against forces of destruction and chaos.
Magical World: A fantastical world with unique creatures, landscapes, and rules different from our own reality. Examples: Middle-earth (The Hobbit/The Lord of the Rings), Westeros (A Song of Ice and Fire).
Magic Arcs: Rules for how magic works within the story’s universe, often involving a balance between light and dark magic.
Prophecy or Destiny: Events are set in motion by a prophecy or destined event that will shape the course of history. Examples: The One Ring’s destruction will bring about the end of Sauron’s power (The Lord of the Rings), Azor Ahai reforging his sword Lightbringer to defeat darkness (A Song of Ice and Fire).
Good vs Evil: A struggle between forces of good and evil, often involving a great battle or conflict that will determine the fate of the world. Examples: The War of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings), The Long Night/Great War (A Song of Ice and Fire).
Morally Ambiguous Characters: Characters with complex motivations and morals, often challenging readers’ perceptions of good and evil. Examples: antiheroes such as antihero Jon Snow (A Song of Ice and Fire), or morally grey characters like Voldemort/Tom Riddle (Harry Potter series).
Mythical Creatures: Fantastical creatures that inhabit the magical world, often with unique abilities or roles in the story. Dragons, unicorns, griffins, etc., often serve as allies or adversaries to the protagonist. Examples: dragons (Eragon series), unicorns (The Chronicles of Narnia).
Magical MacGuffins: Powerful objects that grant immense power, but often come with great cost or responsibility.
Prophecies and Portents: Ominous signs and predictions that foretell the coming of a hero or a disaster.
Hidden Identities: Characters who hide their true nature, whether it’s a secret heritage, magical abilities, or hidden powers.
Mentor Figures: Wise guides who teach heroes new skills, provide guidance, or offer cryptic advice to aid in their quest.
Ancient Evils: Powerful, ancient beings that threaten the world and must be defeated by brave heroes.
Forbidden Knowledge: The pursuit of knowledge that’s forbidden or taboo, often leading to unintended consequences.
The Power of Friendship: Bonds between characters that help them overcome challenges and achieve their goals.
Redemption Arcs: Characters who seek redemption for past mistakes or wrongdoings through heroic actions.
Alternate Realities: Heroes navigating multiple worlds, dimensions, or timelines to prevent catastrophic events.
Fantasy Maps: Detailed maps of the world or continent where the story takes place.
Epic Battles: Large-scale conflicts that involve armies or magical beings.
Magic Artefacts/Weapons: Objects imbued with powerful magic, often sought after by multiple parties for different reasons.
Portal Worlds: Another world accessible through portals, mirrors, wardrobes, etc., where characters discover new realms and cultures.
Magical Schools: Settings in which young magical beings learn to harness their powers while facing challenges and adversaries.
Time Travel: The ability to travel through time can be a plot device that alters the course of history or reveals hidden truths about characters’ pasts.

Historical Fiction

“Historical fiction can be the best way to learn about history and human nature at its most raw and authentic level.” – George R.R. Martin, author of A Song of Ice and Fire series

Conventions

Historical fiction is a literary genre where the plot takes place in the past. These stories often include real historical events, people, or settings but are usually fictionalised to some extent for narrative purposes. Here’s an expanded list of popular sub-genres within historical fiction along with examples and specific conventions:

Historical Romance: This genre blends romantic elements into a historically accurate setting, often focusing on the relationships between characters against a backdrop of significant events or societal norms from that era. Examples include The Bridgerton Series by Julia Quinn and Outlander series by Diana Gabaldon.
Historical Fantasy/Science Fiction: This sub-genre merges fantastical or futuristic elements with a real historical setting, creating an alternate version of history where magic, myths, advanced technology, or otherworldly beings coexist alongside human characters and events from the past. Examples include Outlander by Diana Gabaldon (as mentioned above) and various works in Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series that incorporate historical elements with fantasy creatures like wizards and dragons.
Romance/Dystopia: This sub-genre can blend romantic fiction set against the backdrop of a dystopian or utopian society, often using these settings to explore themes related to power dynamics, societal norms, and human relationships within historical contexts. Examples are less common but could include speculative interpretations of past eras with alternative social structures (e.g., The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood).
Historical Crime/Mystery: These stories involve solving crimes or unravelling mysteries set in the backdrop of a historical period, often using real events as part of their plot but with fictionalised characters and outcomes to drive suspenseful narratives. Examples include The Alienist by Caleb Carr (set during the early 20th century) or any works that re-imagine famous unsolved cases within a historical context, such as Sherlock Holmes stories set in Victorian London but with modern twists on their mysteries.
Historical Fiction Tropes: Popular tropes include:

- The “time slip” where characters are transported to the past and interact directly or indirectly with historical figures, as seen in novels like The Time Traveller’s Wife.
- Historical settings that serve as a backdrop for personal stories of love, loss, adventure, etc., allowing readers to explore different cultures and eras through characters’ eyes. For instance, the works by Philippa Gregory often delve into intimate human experiences against significant historical events like The Tudors or Plantagenets reigns in England.
- Incorporating real-life figures as supporting characters without altering their known biographies significantly but using them to enhance fictional narratives, a technique seen in The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory (though this novel blends historical fiction with some speculative elements).

When writing within the Historical Fiction genre:

Research is crucial. Authors should immerse themselves in the chosen era’s social norms, language usage, and daily life to create an authentic setting for their stories. This includes understanding political climates, significant events of that time period, technological limitations or advancements (for historical fiction set before modern technology), clothing styles, architecture, etc.
Flexibility in blending fact with fiction is key. While maintaining the essence and authenticity of a specific era, authors have creative liberty to invent characters, events, or scenarios that complement their narratives without distorting historical facts significantly for dramatic effect (e.g., The Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett).
Diverse perspectives enrich stories within this genre. Including voices from different social classes, genders, and ethnic backgrounds can provide a more nuanced view of historical events or periods. This approach not only adds depth to your narrative but also honours the complexity of history itself by acknowledging that it was shaped by diverse individuals with varied experiences (e.g., The Nightingale by Kristin Hannah).
Sensitivity towards depictions, especially when dealing with historical tragedies or sensitive topics like war and genocide. Authors should strive to handle such subjects thoughtfully, aiming for respectful storytelling that acknowledges the gravity of these events (e.g., All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque).

Historical fiction genre conventions can vary depending on the specific sub-genre and time period, but there are some general guidelines that most historical fiction adheres to:

Authentic Historical Setting: The story should be set in a historically accurate time period and location. This may involve researching geographical details, architectural features, cultural practices, political events, or social norms of the era.
Fictional Characters: While the setting is based on historical facts, the characters are usually fictitious. However, some authors might base their characters on real people from history, but they should not be portrayed as exact replicas to maintain the fiction aspect.
Historical Context Integration: The story should incorporate significant events and figures of the time period it is set in. This can help ground the narrative within a larger historical context while still maintaining the focus on fictional characters and their experiences.
Emotional Connection: Readers often appreciate an emotional connection to the past, which may involve exploring themes like love, loss, hope, or survival. By making readers empathise with the characters, they can better understand the historical context from a personal perspective.
Internal and External Conflict: The story should include both internal conflicts (character growth, self-discovery) and external conflicts (political struggles, societal pressures). This helps create a well-rounded narrative that reflects the challenges faced by people during the specific time period.
Historical Research: To maintain historical accuracy, authors often conduct extensive research to ensure their depiction of the past is as accurate as possible. This can involve studying primary sources like diaries or letters, examining secondary sources like scholarly articles and books, or visiting historical sites and museums.
Balance between Fact and Imagination: Historical fiction should strike a balance between incorporating real events and allowing the author’s imagination to create new characters, subplots, and situations. This helps make the story engaging while still respecting the truth of history.
Cultural Sensitivity: When writing about different cultures or marginalised groups from the past, it is crucial to approach these topics with sensitivity and accuracy. Authors should strive for cultural competence by researching historical perspectives and consulting experts when necessary.
Tone and Style: The tone and style of a historical fiction novel can vary greatly depending on the time period and genre conventions. For example, a Victorian-era novel might have a more formal language and structure, while a World War II novel could be written in a grittier, more realistic style.
Pacing: Historical fiction often requires careful pacing to balance the development of characters, plot, and historical context. The story should move at an appropriate pace that allows readers to immerse themselves in the time period without losing interest or becoming overwhelmed by too much information.

Tropes

Historical fiction genre tropes can vary widely, but here are some common ones:

Love and Romance: Historical romance is a popular subgenre within historical fiction where the story revolves around romantic relationships set against a backdrop of a specific time period.
Coming-of-Age Stories: These stories follow characters as they grow, learn, and mature during significant moments in history.
War or Conflict: Many historical novels are centred on wars, battles, or other conflicts that shaped the world at the time.
Social Change: Historical fiction often explores social issues like civil rights, women’s suffrage, class struggles, etc., as they unfolded in a particular era.
Mystery and Suspense: Some historical novels incorporate elements of mystery or suspense, such as political intrigue, espionage, or crime investigations.
Supernatural Elements: Historical fantasy is a subgenre that combines real history with supernatural or magical elements, like mythical creatures, time travel, or alternate histories.
Journeys and Exploration: Many historical novels follow characters on physical journeys (like Lewis and Clark’s expedition in Undaunted Courage by Stephen E. Ambrose) or intellectual explorations of new ideas and philosophies.
Historical Figures: Some historical fiction focuses on real people from history, either as the main character or a supporting figure.
Cultural Immersion: These stories immerse readers in different cultures, customs, and traditions that were prevalent during specific time periods.
Political Drama: Many historical novels delve into political intrigue, power struggles, and significant events that shaped nations and societies throughout history.

Common themes

Some common themes of the historical fiction genre include:

Politics: This can involve exploring political events, conflicts, and power struggles that shaped history.
Morals: The genre often delves into moral dilemmas faced by characters in their time period, reflecting on societal values and ethical questions.
Death: Historical fiction may address the harsh realities of life during a specific era, including death, warfare, and disease.
Survival: Characters often face challenges that test their resilience and ability to adapt in order to survive in difficult circumstances.
Adventure: The genre can incorporate thrilling events or journeys, which might involve travel, exploration, or daring escapes.
Love: Historical fiction may explore romantic relationships, both as a source of happiness and comfort for characters, but also as a way to examine societal norms around love and marriage.

These themes are not unique to historical fiction and can be found in other genres as well. However, they are particularly relevant in this genre because they often serve to illuminate the human experience during a specific time period or cultural context. And these themes can help move the story along and keep readers emotionally invested while also providing a balance of realism and escapism for readers who enjoy this genre.

Overall, the themes in historical fiction often serve to enrich the story and provide insight into human experiences during different eras.

Common settings

Some common settings in the historical fiction genre include:

Ancient Rome or Greece.
World War II Europe.
The American Old West.
Medieval England or other medieval European societies.
Victorian Era Britain and its colonies.
The French Revolution era France.
Colonial America or other colonial periods around the world.
Pre-modern Japan, China, or India.
Ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia.
The Renaissance period in Italy or other European countries.

Some common settings in the historical fiction genre include:

Temporal Setting: This describes the era or time period in which the story takes place, such as Victorian London, Ancient Rome, World War II, or any other significant historical event or time frame.
Environmental Setting: The larger geographical area and surrounding locations play a crucial role in setting the atmosphere of the novel. It can be set in various parts of the world like India, Europe, America, etc., depending on the story’s theme and plot.
Individual Setting: This refers to specific places or spaces where characters interact with each other or experience significant events within the narrative. Examples include homes, schools, workplaces, battlefields, or any other location that contributes to the development of the storyline.

Historical fiction can take place anywhere and anytime, as long as it is set in the past.

Common characters

Some common characters in the historical fiction genre include:

The Outsider or Newcomer Protagonist: A character who is not from the society they are exploring, often coming from a different time or place and seeking to understand their new environment. This character is often an outsider to the society they are living in, which allows them to observe and comment on the culture and events of the time period. They can also serve as a bridge for readers who may be unfamiliar with the historical context. Examples: Sir Walter Raleigh in Raleigh’s Way by Charles Williams, and Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Or Anne Shirley from L.M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables series.
The Noble Antagonist: A character who represents the status quo or an opposing force that stands against the protagonist’s goals or values. Examples: Lord Voldemort in JK Rowling’s Harry Potter series, and Cardinal Richelieu in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas.
The Loyal Companion: A character who supports the protagonist throughout their journey, often providing emotional or practical assistance. Examples: Samwise Gamgee in JRR Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, Bella Swan’s father in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight series, and Tyrion Lannister in George RR Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire.
The Wise Mentor: A character who imparts wisdom or knowledge to the protagonist, often guiding them on their journey. Examples: Dumbledore in JK Rowling’s Harry Potter series, Yoda in Star Wars, and Aslan in C.S Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia.
The Love Interest: A character who develops a romantic relationship with the protagonist, often driving their emotional arc throughout the story. Examples: Bella Swan (Edward) in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight series, Elizabeth Bennet (Darcy) in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, and Hermione Granger (Ron) in JK Rowling’s Harry Potter series.
The Tragic Figure: A character who experiences personal suffering or tragedy that drives their actions throughout the story. Examples: Anne Shirley in LM Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables, Heathcliff in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Jay Gatsby in F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby.
The Historian: This character is often an expert in history, either as a profession or as a hobby. They provide insights into the historical context and help to ground the story within its time period. Examples include Thomas Cromwell from Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall or William Lamont from Ken Follett’s Pillars of the Earth.
The Rebel: This character challenges the norms and expectations of their society, often leading to conflict with authority figures. They can provide a critique of the historical period they inhabit and offer alternative perspectives on events. Examples include Nat Turner in William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner or Jean Valjean from Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables.
The Survivor: This character has lived through significant historical events, either as a participant or an observer. They can provide firsthand accounts of the past and offer insights into how people coped with difficult circumstances. Examples include Elie Wiesel in his memoir Night or Anna Karenina from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina.
The Visionary: This character sees beyond their present time period, imagining a future that is different from the past. They can provide hope and inspiration for readers to imagine alternative futures for themselves. Examples include Thomas More in Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons or Martin Luther King Jr. in his speeches and writings.

These are just some examples of common characters found in historical fiction, but there are many more possibilities depending on the time period and setting of the story.

Common plot devices

Historical fiction often incorporates various plot devices to engage readers and immerse them in the story’s time period, and helps to bring historical events or periods to life. Some common plot devices include:

Flashbacks: This technique allows authors to provide context or backstory for characters, setting, or events without disrupting the narrative flow of the main storyline.
Alternating perspectives: Switching between different character viewpoints can help reveal hidden aspects of a historical event and add depth to the story.
Historical figures: Incorporating real-life historical figures into the plot adds authenticity, drama, and tension to the narrative.
Themes related to history: Common themes include social change, political upheaval, war, and cultural shifts that shape a society during a specific time period.
Mysteries or unsolved events: Historical fiction often explores real-life mysteries or unexplained historical occurrences as part of the plot.
Epistolary narrative: This technique involves telling the story through letters, diary entries, or other written documents to provide a firsthand account of the time period and events.
Historical settings: Descriptions of locations, architecture, clothing, and daily life help immerse readers in the historical context of the story.
Historical events and figures: The story may be centred around a specific event or person from history, such as World War II or Abraham Lincoln. This allows readers to learn about these events while also being entertained by the fictional characters’ experiences.
Imagined perspectives: Authors often create fictional characters who experience historical events firsthand, providing unique and personal insights into those moments in time. For example, a novel could be set during the French Revolution but told from the perspective of an aristocrat or a peasant.
Themes of change and transformation: Historical fiction often explores themes such as societal changes, political upheaval, and personal growth. These can be used to create engaging narratives that resonate with readers today.
Interweaving fact and fiction: To maintain historical accuracy while still crafting a compelling story, authors may blend real events and characters with fictional ones. This allows for the exploration of different perspectives on history and encourages readers to think critically about the past.
Contrasting modern and historical worlds: Historical fiction can create interesting contrasts between the world as it was in the past and how we live today, highlighting both similarities and differences. This can help readers understand the context of their own lives and appreciate the progress that has been made over time.
The “fish out of water” trope: A character from one time period or culture finds themselves in another, leading to cultural clashes, misunderstandings, and comedic moments.
Love triangles: Romantic entanglements between characters can add drama and tension to a story set against a historical backdrop.
Quests or missions: Characters may embark on perilous journeys, quests, or missions that drive the plot forward and test their resolve.
Mystery and suspense: Historical fiction often incorporates elements of mystery, detective work, or espionage to keep readers engaged.
Coming-of-age stories: Novels about young people navigating historical events can be powerful coming-of-age tales.
Redemption arcs: Characters may seek redemption for past mistakes or wrongs committed during a tumultuous time period.
Historical events as backdrop: Novels might use significant historical events (e.g., wars, natural disasters) as the setting for character-driven stories.
Alternate perspectives: Authors may choose to tell a story from an unconventional perspective, like that of a non-human or an animal, to offer fresh insights into history.
Time travel and alternate timelines: Historical fiction can incorporate time travel elements, allowing characters (and readers) to explore different eras and outcomes.

These plot devices are not exhaustive, but they represent some common ways authors approach storytelling in the historical fiction genre.

Horror

“In the realm of horror, it’s not about shock value; it’s about crafting an experience that lingers in your mind long after you turn off the lights and close the door.” – Clive Barker

Conventions

Horror genre conventions are a set of established elements and themes that define the horror fiction, aiming to evoke fear, dread, terror, or repulsion in readers. These conventions can vary across different sub-genres within horror but generally include:

Atmosphere and Setting: Creating an eerie atmosphere through unsettling settings like abandoned houses, desolate landscapes, or dark forests that amplify the sense of fear in readers. Examples: The Shining by Stephen King; Dracula by Bram Stoker.
Supernatural Elements: Incorporating supernatural beings like ghosts, vampires, werewolves, or demons that pose a threat to the protagonist and challenge their belief in reality. Examples: The Conjuring by Koontz & Lee; Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice.
Psychological Horror: Delving into characters’ minds, exploring human fears, madness, or paranoia to create an unsettling and disturbing narrative experience for readers. Examples: The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris; Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk.
Alien Invasion: Introducing extraterrestrial beings or creatures from other planets that threaten humanity, often exploring themes like invasion and survival in a hostile environment. Examples: The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells; Independence Day by Dean Devlin & Roland Emmerich.
Found Footage: Presenting events through fictional documentaries, home videos or news reports to create a sense of realism and immediacy in horror narratives. Examples: The Blair Witch Project; Paranormal Activity series by Oren Peli.
Body Horror: Depicting gruesome physical transformations or mutations that evoke disgust, revulsion, or terror through graphic and disturbing imagery of bodily harm. Examples: The Fly by George Langelaan; A History of Violence by David Cronenberg.
Alien Abduction: Portraying characters being abducted by extraterrestrial beings, exploring themes like identity loss and forced assimilation into alien societies. Examples: The X-Files; This War of Mine gamebook series.
Slasher Films/Mass Murderer: Featuring a psychopathic killer who stalks, torments, or murders victims in isolated settings like abandoned buildings or remote locations. Examples: Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock; The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series.
Cults and Satanism: Involving secretive groups that worship dark forces such as demons, witches, or the occult while manipulating vulnerable individuals for their sinister purposes. Examples: Rosemary’s Baby by Ira Levin; The Ninth Gate by Art Spiegelman & Francesco Casatiello.
Zombies and Reanimated Corpses: Introducing reanimated corpses or undead creatures that feed on the living, creating a sense of impending doom as they spread across human populations in search for sustenance. Examples: World War Z by Max Brooks; The Walking Dead comic series and TV show adaptation.
Dark and eerie settings (abandoned houses, cemeteries, forests)
Supernatural or unexplained events.
Monsters or creatures that inspire fear (vampires, werewolves, ghosts, demons)
Suspenseful atmospheres with a sense of impending doom.
Gothic elements such as castles, foggy moors, and secret chambers.
Shocking or gruesome scenes to elicit fear and revulsion.
Twisted or psychologically disturbing plotlines (e.g., psychological horror)
Mysterious and enigmatic characters with hidden agendas.
A sense of isolation, trapping the protagonist in a dangerous situation.
Elements of terror that evoke primal fears (e.g., fear of the unknown or fear of death).

These conventions can be mixed and matched to create unique stories within the horror genre while still appealing to readers who enjoy this type of fiction.

Tropes

Horror genre tropes are recurring thematic elements and plot devices that help shape, structure, and define the horror narrative. These tropes aim to evoke feelings of fear, dread, terror, or repulsion in readers/viewers by tapping into our deepest anxieties about death, darkness, decay, supernatural entities, psychological torment, and more. Here are some specific genre tropes commonly found within horror fiction:

The Haunted House (or Building): A setting where paranormal or horrifying events occur in a seemingly ordinary residence that becomes the backdrop for unsettling experiences involving ghosts, spirits, or other supernatural entities. Examples include The Amityville Horror and Poltergeist.
The Possessed: A character who is possessed by an evil spirit (either malevolent entity like a demonic possession in religious contexts) that takes control of their body to carry out horrifying deeds or torment others, as seen in novels such as The Exorcist and films like Rosemary’s Baby.
The Final Girl: A surviving female character who escapes the horror narrative by overcoming terrifying challenges while often being pursued throughout a series of events or encounters with evil forces, as exemplified in movies such as Halloween and Friday the 13th.
The Evil Dead: A malevolent force that can be summoned through ancient rituals, curses, or dark magic to cause unspeakable horrors upon those who dare invoke it (e.g., in Stephen King’s novel The Shining).
Alien Invasion/Intrusion: A scenario where extraterrestrial beings enter Earth and wreak havoc on humanity, as depicted in movies like the original 1954 film adaptation of H.G. Wells’ War of The Worlds or Ridley Scott’s iconic remake from 2005.
Body Horror: A subgenre that focuses on gruesome, visceral depictions of physical deformities and mutilations caused by supernatural forces (e.g., The Fly or the works of John Carpenter).
The Cursed Object/Place: An item imbued with dark powers capable of inflicting harm upon those who come into contact with it, as seen in Stephen King’s novel It.
Vampires and Zombies: Classic horror tropes that have been adapted to modern narratives involving blood-sucking creatures (vampires) or reanimated corpses (zombies), both of which evoke fear through their insatiable hunger for life force, as seen in Twilight and the zombie apocalypse genre.
The Final Solution: A plot device wherein a group faces an overwhelmingly powerful evil entity or threat that can only be defeated by one final act of sacrifice (e.g., self-sacrifice, ritualistic offering) to save the world from destruction in movies like The Exorcist II and novels such as Clive Barker’s Books of Blood.
The Psychotic Killer: A character who exhibits unstable mental states or psychopathic tendencies, using their knowledge of human fears to manipulate others into becoming victims in a horror narrative (e.g., Norman Bates from Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho).
The Supernatural Entity: A being that defies natural laws and exists outside the realm of science, often taking on various forms such as ghosts, demons, or otherworldly creatures (e.g., in Stephen King’s novel series The Dark Tower or films like A Quiet Place).
The Forbidden Knowledge: A plot device where characters seek out forbidden knowledge that unleashes horrifying consequences upon themselves and others, as seen in Mary Shelley’s classic horror tale Frankenstein.
The Curse/Malison: An ancient spell or hex cast by a malevolent force with the intention of bringing misfortune to those who cross its path (e.g., cursed objects like Jeffrey Meves’ novel series, The Cursed).
The Unreliable Narrator/Protagonist: A character whose unstable mental state or hidden agenda casts doubt on the reliability of their narration and blurs the line between reality and fiction (e.g., in Stephen King’s novel The Shining with Jack Torrance).
The Haunted Object/Place Reincarnated: A story where an object or location from a previous horror event returns to wreak havoc on unsuspecting characters, as seen in the 2009 film adaptation of Stephen King’s novel Dolores Claiborne.
The Unseen Horror: An antagonist that remains hidden and unidentified until their true nature is revealed to the protagonists (e.g., Jack Torrance from Stanley Kubrick’s 1980 film adaptation of Stephen King’s The Shining).
The Gothic Castle/Mansion (or Abandoned Structure): A decaying, eerie setting often associated with mystery and horror in stories like Dracula by Bram Stoker or HG Wells’ novel The Invisible Man.
Madness and Insanity: Characters who suffer from mental illnesses that contribute to the overall sense of unease within a narrative, as seen in novels such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper or Robert Louis Stevenson’s classic tale Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
The Damsel-in-Distress: A female character who is placed at risk by a male antagonist, creating tension as the protagonists attempt to rescue her (e.g., in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein or Bram Stoker’s novel).
The Unrequited Love/Obsession: A central theme where characters become fixated on an unattainable love interest, often leading them down a path of obsession and self-destruction (e.g., in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights or Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story).
The Doppelgänger: A character who serves as an ominous double to another, representing the darker side of their personality and often leading them astray (e.g., in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde).
Supernatural Encounters/Visions: Characters who experience encounters with ghosts, spirits or other supernatural entities that challenge their belief systems and contribute to the overall sense of dread (e.g., in HP Lovecraft’s works).
The Forbidden Forest/Swamp: A setting where characters venture into a dark, mysterious place filled with unknown dangers lurking within its depths (e.g., as seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula or Mary Shelley’s novel).
The Gothic Romance/Love Triangle: A love triangle involving characters who are drawn to one another, often leading them into dangerous situations and emotional turmoil (e.g., as depicted in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights or Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story).
The Unlucky Curse: A narrative device where characters are plagued by a curse that brings misfortune and tragedy to their lives (e.g., in the works of Edgar Allan Poe, such as The Fall of the House of Usher).
The Gothic Melodrama: A style characterised by heightened emotions, sensationalism, and dramatic plot twists that amplify feelings of suspense or terror (as seen in works like Matthew Lewis’s novel The Monk or John Polidori’s short story).
The Haunted Village/Town: A setting where an entire community is plagued by supernatural occurrences, often involving a central event that triggers the horror narrative (e.g., in Stephen King’s novel The Stand).

These horror genre tropes, when skilfully employed in storytelling, can create a chilling and unforgettable experience for audience elements that evoke fear or discomfort.

Common themes

Some common themes of the horror genre include:

Gothic Horror/Lovecraftian elements, which often feature a dark and eerie atmosphere with supernatural or unexplainable phenomena.
Psychological aspects that explore characters’ fears, mental states, and internal conflicts.
Themes of survival, death, politics, morals, adventure, love, immortality, and the paranormal/supernatural elements such as ghosts, demons, vampires, werewolves, witches, fairies, etc.
Comedy horror that blends humour with scary situations to create a unique experience for readers or viewers.
Body horror and dark fantasy themes which focus on gruesome physical transformations or unsettling visuals as part of the storytelling.
Love triangles, betrayal, revenge, redemption, sacrifice – common human emotions that can be explored within a horror context to add depth and relatability to characters’ experiences.
The struggle between good versus evil or light versus dark themes which are prevalent in many sub-genres of the horror genre such as slasher films (splatterpunk) or dystopian/apocalyptic fiction.
Occult elements (e.g., supernatural creatures, curses).
Sudden, shocking events (“jump scares”)

These themes are not unique to the horror genre but can be found in other genres as well. However, they often take on a darker or more ominous tone in horror stories, and can help to create a sense of tension, fear, or unease in the reader, which is characteristic of the horror genre, and may involve elements of fear, suspense, dread, and supernatural or occult aspects.

Common settings

Some common settings of the horror genre include:

Gothic and eerie environments: Such as old mansions or abandoned buildings with a dark history (e.g., Wuthering Heights). Gothic fantasy books typically take place in remote, isolated areas such as forests, old mansions, deserted manor houses, or windswept, secluded locations.
Desolate landscapes like forests, swamps, or deserted areas: These evoke feelings of isolation and vulnerability (e.g., The Shining’s Overlook Hotel set in the Colorado mountains).
Urban settings with a decaying atmosphere: Dilapidated buildings, back alleys, underground tunnels, and crime-ridden neighbourhoods often found in horror films like Saw or Blade Runner (urban Gothic subgenre). Derelict cityscapes, poverty or a disadvantaged class, and thriller-like vibes are often found in urban-based horror stories.
Remote locations far from civilisation: These amplify the feeling of isolation and vulnerability to supernatural threats – such as isolated islands, abandoned towns, or haunted forests (e.g., The Others by Stephen King set in a remote New England town during Halloween season).
Contemporary settings with elements of magical realism: Here the line between reality and fantasy is blurred; often featuring urban environments infused with supernatural occurrences – such as Chocolat or Aimee Brett’s The Dark Witch series set in Ireland (magic-realist horror subgenre).
Historical settings: Especially during dark periods like the Victorian era where societal norms and belief systems can add to the eerie atmosphere of a story – such as Bram Stoker’s Dracula or The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (historical Gothic horror subgenre).
Contemporary settings with psychological elements: Often featuring urban environments where characters face internal conflicts and mental disturbance; these stories may not rely on jump scares but instead focus on building tension through atmosphere – such as Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn or The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides.
Supernatural realms: Horror stories may involve magical realism, fabulism, and paranormal elements, which can include portals to other worlds, supernatural beings (e.g., witches, vampires), or occult practices.

These settings often create a sense of unease, fear, or foreboding, which is characteristic of the horror genre, and contribute to creating an atmosphere of fear and suspense throughout the story.

Common characters

In the horror genre, you’ll often find certain character archetypes that add to the eerie atmosphere and tension. Here are some common characters in horror:

The Hero: The protagonist who must confront the horrors they’re facing. They can be a brave warrior, a clever detective, or an ordinary person thrust into extraordinary circumstances. They are a character who takes on the role of fighting against the horror or supernatural threat, often facing personal growth and transformation in the process.
The Villain: The main antagonist who drives the plot forward with their evil deeds. This character can range from a human monster to a supernatural entity like a demon or ghost. They may be the primary source of horror in a story, these characters are usually supernatural beings, serial killers, or monsters that terrorise and torment their victims. Examples: Freddy Krueger (A Nightmare on Elm Street), Michael Myers (Halloween), Pennywise the Dancing Clown (It). They may be villains with a darker side to their character such as Celaena Sardothien/Aelin Galathynius (The Throne of Glass series), Paige Maeve (Bone Season series by Lauren Kate).
The Innocent: A pure and naive individual who becomes embroiled in the horror. They often serve as a contrast to the darkness they’re facing, highlighting its brutality and terror. They may be thrust into a terrifying situation, such as Cinderella/Ella Mason (The Thirteenth Floor), Aelin Galathynius (Throne of Glass series by Sarah J. Maas).
The Sceptic: Someone who doesn’t believe in the supernatural or paranormal events unfolding around them, but eventually becomes a believer only after experiencing them firsthand. This character can provide comedic relief but also serves as a foil to those who are more open-minded about the horrors they’re experiencing. Example: Elliot Spitzer (Poltergeist).
The Creepy Child: A young child with an unsettling presence, often seen as a harbinger of doom. Think of characters like Damien from The Omen or Pennywise’s red balloon in IT.
The Authority Figure: Someone who is supposed to provide guidance and protection but ultimately fails to do so. This character can be a police officer, teacher, parent, or other figure of authority.
The Outsider: A person who doesn’t fit into society’s norms, often seen as strange or different. They might be the target of bullying or persecution, making them more vulnerable to the horrors they’re facing.
The Cultist: Members of a secretive and often sinister group that worships dark forces or supernatural entities. These characters can add an air of unease and foreboding to your story.
The Final Girl: A strong, resourceful female character who survives until the end of the story and often serves as the protagonist. Examples: Laurie Strode (Halloween), Nancy Thompson (A Nightmare on Elm Street).
The Monster/Antagonist: A supernatural or human creature that terrorises and threatens the lives of other characters in the story. Examples include vampires, werewolves, ghosts, and serial killers.
The Unsuspecting Victim or Victims: These are the characters who fall prey to the monster or antagonist throughout the story. They can be either innocent bystanders or people with their own flaws that make them vulnerable. Examples: Sidney Prescott’s friends in Scream, campers in Friday the 13th, or Laurie Strode in Halloween.
The Sidekick/Companion/Protector: A character who assists the hero or protagonist throughout their journey, often providing support and guidance, or offering protection when needed. Examples: Marty McFly (Back to the Future), Ron Weasley (Harry Potter series).
The Mentor: An experienced individual who imparts wisdom and knowledge to the hero or protagonist, helping them navigate the horrific events they face.
The Investigator: Characters who delve into the unknown, often at great personal risk, to uncover the truth behind horrifying events. Examples: Rachel Keller in Scream 4, Erin Gilbert in Ghostbusters.
The Survivor: A character who has faced and overcome supernatural or traumatic experiences before, giving them a unique perspective on current threats. Example: John Ritter’s character in Bates Motel.
Supernatural entities like ghosts and vampires: Casper the Friendly Ghost; Dracula or Count Vladislaus Lupanus Romanus Van Helsing’s Creature from The Black Lagoon, etc.
Characters who embody specific tropes, like the “evil stepmother” or guardian trope: Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty; Cruella de Vil in 101 Dalmatians.
Talking animals and fantastical creatures: They often serve as helpers (e.g., Puss In Boots) or companions to the protagonist, like Merlin/Merlina from The Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis; Fennec Shand in Leviathan Wakes trilogy by James S. A. Corey.
Characters with complex personalities and roles within a story: Harry Potter (The Boy Who Lived), Frodo Baggins/Frodo of the Fellowship, or even more unconventional characters like Alina Starkov from The Grisha Trilogy by Leigh Bardugo.
Characters who experience transformation and growth throughout a story: Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol; Severus Snape/Remus Lupin, both of whom undergo significant character development over the course of their respective stories (Harry Potter series).

These character archetypes are not exhaustive, but they do provide a solid foundation for crafting compelling horror stories. Remember, the key is to create well-rounded characters with their own motivations and backstories to make the horrors they face even more terrifying!

Common plot devices

The horror genre is known for its creative and often unsettling plot devices. Here are some common ones:

Unreliable narrators: The narrator may not be telling the truth, or their perception of events might be distorted.
Red herrings: Misleading clues or false leads that distract from the true threat or mystery.
The “it was all just a dream” twist: A common device to subvert expectations and leave readers questioning what’s real and what’s not.
Creepy atmospheres: Using setting, lighting, and sound effects to create an unsettling atmosphere that makes readers feel uneasy.
Jump scares: Sudden, shocking, and unexpected events designed to shock the reader, such as a loud noise or an abrupt appearance of something terrifying. While not exclusive to horror, they are commonly used for immediate emotional impact within this genre.
The “thing in the closet” trope: A common horror device where a character is afraid of something lurking just out of sight (e.g., under their bed, in the attic).
Isolation and confinement: Trapping characters in a situation that makes them vulnerable to terror or exploitation.
Unsettling revelations: Discovering dark secrets or disturbing truths about oneself, others, or the world.
The “monster within” trope: A character’s inner fears or darker aspects manifest as an external threat (e.g., a person’s shadow self).
Cursed objects or places: Items or locations that are inherently evil or cursed, often with a dark history or malevolent energy.
Unpredictable villains: Antagonists who are unpredictable in their behaviour and motivations, making them more terrifying to readers.
The “last one standing” scenario: A character is the only survivor of some catastrophic event, leaving them isolated and vulnerable.
Setting: A dark or isolated location can create an atmosphere of dread from the very beginning of a story. Haunted houses, abandoned asylums, forests at nightfall – these are classic examples where setting plays a crucial role in establishing tension and fear.
Supernatural Elements: Ghosts, demons, vampires, werewolves, or other supernatural beings often serve to introduce an unexplainable threat that defies natural laws. These elements can also represent deeper psychological fears through symbolism (e.g., ghosts representing past traumas).
Foreshadowing with misdirection: Planting subtle hints about future plot developments can build suspense and anticipation without revealing too much prematurely. This technique often involves red herrings that lead readers down one path before a twist occurs, as seen in The Orphanage.
Psychological horror: Focusing on the mental state of characters to create fear and discomfort can be just as effective as supernatural elements. This sub-genre explores themes like madness (e.g., Stephen King’s Misery), paranoia, or unsettling psychological conditions that play with readers’ minds.
Thrilling plot twists: Horror stories often employ unexpected turns in the plot to shock and engage the reader further into the narrative. These twists can range from revealing a character’s true identity (e.g., The Sixth Sense) to uncovering hidden motives or secret pasts that change how readers perceive earlier events within the story.
Thriller-like pacing: Horror stories frequently utilise pacing techniques from thrillers, such as short chapters and cliffhangers at key points in the narrative to maintain high tension levels throughout the book. This keeps readers on edge and eagerly turning pages for resolution or further frights.
Fear of the unknown: Leaving certain aspects ambiguous can be a powerful tool, as it plays into one of humanity’s deepest fears: not knowing what might happen next in an uncertain situation (e.g., The Babadook). This approach keeps readers guessing and deeply engaged with unresolved mysteries or threats within the storyline.
Isolation: Characters isolated from others, whether physically or emotionally, can heighten feelings of vulnerability and fear in horror stories (e.g., Silence of the Lambs). This isolation makes characters more susceptible to psychological manipulation by antagonists within a haunted setting.
Cultural tropes: Horror often incorporates well-known cultural myths and legends, such as werewolves or witchcraft, which carry inherent fearful connotations for many readers (e.g., Twilight Zone episodes that explore these themes).

These plot devices can be combined, modified, or designed to evoke fear, suspense, and unease in the reader. And they all work together to create a rich tapestry of suspense, terror, and psychological intrigue characteristic of the horror genre.

Non-Fiction

“Non-fiction means being factual.” – Nora Roberts

Conventions

The specific genre conventions for non-fiction vary depending on the subgenre. Here are some examples:

History Nonfiction Writing (e.g., Midnight in Chernobyl by Adam Higginbotham): This type of writing involves recounting a historical event or time period with factual accuracy and verifiability. The conventions include presenting the information chronologically, using primary sources when possible, maintaining an objective tone, and providing context for readers to understand the significance of events.
Romance: Soft colours (e.g., pastels), elegant fonts, imagery that conveys intimacy or emotional connection are common conventions in romance novels. The cover design often features couples engaged in affectionate gestures and settings with a warm ambience to attract the target audience of readers who enjoy this genre.
Thrillers & Mysteries: Darker colour palettes, bold fonts, suspenseful imagery (e.g., silhouettes or dramatic lighting) are typical conventions for these genres. The cover design often includes symbols like a magnifying glass or question marks to pique the curiosity of potential readers who enjoy mystery and thriller novels.
Science Fiction & Fantasy: Futuristic elements, glowing accents (e.g., neon lights), unique typography, mythical creatures are common conventions in these genres’ cover designs to attract science fiction and fantasy readers who enjoy imaginative worlds and futuristic concepts.
Non-fiction Narratives: The goal is to engage the reader with a compelling narrative that presents real events or experiences, using human anecdotes as hooks for attention (e.g., “Why are we here? What’s going to happen next?”), and maintaining factual accuracy throughout the book.
Dystopia: This subgenre often features darker colour palettes with a dystopian theme, imagery depicting bleak or oppressive environments (e.g., gray skies, dilap fixtures), and typography that reflects the grim nature of these stories to attract readers who enjoy speculative fiction set in post-apocalyptic worlds.
History: Nonfiction history writing must be factual, verifiable, and historically accurate. It often includes footnotes or end-notes with sources and a bibliography. The narrative structure may vary depending on the historical event or time period being covered.
Science: In scientific non-fiction, it is crucial to present information accurately and clearly. This genre typically requires citations of research studies and other authoritative sources. It also often includes illustrations, diagrams, charts, or tables to help explain complex concepts.
Self-help/Personal Growth: These books usually follow a structured format with clear chapter outlines that guide the reader through a process or journey towards self-improvement. They may include exercises, reflection questions, and actionable steps for readers to apply in their lives.
Memoir/Biography: In these narratives, authors must maintain factual accuracy while also crafting an engaging story. Personal experiences are shared, so the author’s voice is essential. These books often have a strong narrative arc with clear character development and conflict resolution.
Investigative Journalism: This genre requires thorough research and fact-checking to uncover hidden truths or expose wrongdoings. The writing should be engaging and compelling, drawing readers into the story while maintaining journalistic integrity.
How-to/Instructional: These books must provide clear, step-by-step instructions for readers to follow. They often include illustrations, photographs, or other visual aids to help explain complex processes or techniques. The writing should be concise and easy to understand.
Travel Writing: In travel narratives, the author’s personal experiences are central. These books may combine elements of memoir with descriptions of places, cultures, and customs. They often include vivid imagery and engaging storytelling to transport readers to new locations.

In summary, genre conventions for nonfiction writing can vary depending on subgenres like history, romance, thrillers & mysteries, science fiction & fantasy, and narrative nonfiction. Understanding these conventions helps authors create effective cover designs that appeal to their target audience while maintaining the essence of each genre’s unique storytelling style.

Tropes

Specific genre tropes for non-fiction writing can vary depending on the subgenre. Here are some examples:

Memoir and Biographies (Narrative Nonfiction): These works often include personal anecdotes, reflections, or experiences of individuals to tell a story based on real events in their lives. Tropes for memoirs may involve the journey of self-discovery, overcoming adversity, finding purpose and meaning, while biographies focus on notable figures’ life stories using interviews with people who knew them personally (testimonial tropes). Focus on a person’s life story, often including personal experiences, growth, and self-discovery. Tropes may include overcoming adversity or hardship, coming-of-age moments, and reflecting on significant events in the subject’s life.
Investigative Journalism: This nonfiction genre involves in-depth research to uncover truths about a particular subject or event. Tropes include the use of primary sources, expert testimonies, and investigative techniques like undercover work or anonymous sourcing (investigation tropes).
How-to/Instructional Writing: This nonfiction genre provides readers with step-by-step instructions on how to accomplish a task or learn something new. Tropes in this category include clear, concise explanations of concepts and processes; practical examples; visuals (diagrams, charts); checklists for completing tasks; and expert testimonials supporting the information provided.
Travel Writing: This nonfiction genre explores various destinations through personal experiences or research on those places’ history, culture, people, cuisine, etc. Tropes in travel writing include vivid descriptions of locations (sensory tropes), cultural immersion and encounters with locals; capturing the essence of a place by highlighting its unique features; and providing practical advice for fellow travellers based on personal experiences or researched information. Describe experiences from travelling to various locations around the world. Tropes may involve sharing cultural insights, describing breathtaking landscapes, and recounting memorable encounters with locals or fellow travellers.
Academic Writing: This nonfiction genre focuses on presenting scholarly work, such as scientific studies, historical analyses, literary critiques, etc., in a formal style using evidence-based arguments supported by credible sources (academic tropes). Tropes include the use of footnotes or end-notes for citations; structured organisation with an abstract and conclusion summarising key points; referencing scholarly works through proper citation styles.
Self-help/Motivational Writing: This nonfiction genre aims to inspire, motivate, and guide readers in personal growth, career development, or overcoming challenges using practical advice (motivation tropes). Tropes include success stories of individuals who have overcome obstacles; actionable steps for achieving goals; relatable anecdotes that resonate with the reader’s experiences. Offer practical advice and guidance for readers to improve their lives. Common tropes include setting goals, breaking habits, cultivating positive mindsets, and emphasising personal responsibility.
Historical Fiction: Although not strictly nonfiction, historical fiction often blends factual events and characters from history (historical tropes) within a fictional narrative framework to engage readers in exploring past eras or cultures through storytelling techniques like dialogue-driven scenes based on real figures.
Science Fiction: While not strictly nonfiction, science fiction often incorporates scientific concepts and theories (science tropes) within a fictional narrative to explore potential future scenarios influenced by current technology or societal trends. This genre can be considered as speculative non-fiction when the author bases their work on plausible extrapolations of existing knowledge rather than pure imagination, such as in hard science fiction (exploring scientific concepts and theories).
History: Retell historical events or analyse significant periods in time. Tropes may involve exploring themes like power struggles, cultural shifts, societal changes, and the impact of technology on history.
Science/Technology: Explore scientific discoveries, theories, or technological advancements. Common tropes include explaining complex concepts in an accessible manner, focusing on real-world applications, and discussing potential future developments.
True Crime/Investigative Journalism: Examine real-life criminal cases or investigate social issues. Common tropes include uncovering hidden truths, exploring the psychology of criminals, and shedding light on systemic failures in law enforcement or justice systems.
Political Analysis/Commentary: Analyse political events, policies, or figures. Tropes may involve critiquing government actions, discussing power dynamics within political parties, and examining the impact of politics on society.
Health/Medical: Provide information about health conditions, treatments, or wellness practices. Common tropes include sharing personal experiences with illness, offering advice for maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and debunking medical myths.
Business/Finance: Offer guidance on financial management, entrepreneurship, or career development. Tropes may involve discussing market trends, analysing successful business strategies, and emphasising the importance of risk-taking in achieving success.

Common themes

Some common themes in the nonfiction genre include:

History: Nonfiction writing often involves recounting historical events or specific time periods, with verifiable and factual information that is historically accurate. Examples of this can be found in books like Midnight in Chernobyl by Adam Higginbotham.
Christianity: If a book focuses on explaining or informing the reader about Christian themes, it will likely fall under nonfiction. This genre may include topics such as biblical studies, religious history, and personal spiritual journeys.
Expository nonfiction: These books aim to explain or inform readers on specific topics. They can cover a wide range of subjects from science and technology to politics and culture. Examples of expository nonfiction could be found in popular science books like A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking, or political analysis such as The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York by Robert Caro.
Narrative nonfiction: These are true stories about a person, place, or event that use storytelling techniques to engage readers. They can include biographies, autobiographies, historical accounts, and investigative journalism. Examples of narrative nonfiction could be found in books like Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer or In Cold Blood by Truman Capote.
Persuasive nonfiction: These books argue for a particular side on an issue or against another, presenting facts and opinions to support their viewpoint. Examples of persuasive nonfiction can be found in political treatises like The Republic by Plato or environmental advocacy such as Silent Spring by Rachel Carson.
Descriptive nonfiction: These books use sensory language to convey a topic, allowing readers to visualise and experience the subject matter through their five senses. Examples of descriptive nonfiction can be found in nature writing like The Lost Words: A Spell Book by Robert Macfarlane or travel narratives such as Blue Highways: A Journey into America by William Least Heat-Moon.
Medical and healthcare: These books cover topics related to healthcare, medical conditions, well-being, nutrition, and more. They can be instructive in nature, providing information for both patients and professionals. Examples of this genre include The China Study: The Startling Implications of the China Study by T. Colin Campbell or When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi.

However, some recurring elements can be found across various nonfiction works. These may include:

Informative content: Nonfiction aims to educate, inform, or explain a topic, subject, event, or concept.
Factual accuracy: The information presented in nonfiction must be verifiable and based on facts.
Analysis and interpretation: Many nonfiction works involve the author’s analysis of data, events, or concepts to provide deeper understanding or insights.
Personal experiences: In some cases, such as memoirs or personal essays, a writer shares their own life experiences or observations.
Argumentation: Persuasive nonfiction presents an argument and aims to convince the reader of its validity.
Descriptive language: Nonfiction may use descriptive techniques to help readers visualise a topic or concept through sensory details.
Real-life events, people, or situations: Unlike fiction, which often involves imaginary worlds and characters, nonfiction is based on real life, covering topics such as history, science, politics, biographies, etc.

Common settings

Some common settings in the nonfiction genre include:

Historical events and time periods: Nonfiction books often recount historical events or specific time periods, such as the story of a war, an important discovery, or a significant political event. Examples can be found in books like Midnight in Chernobyl by Adam Higginbotham or Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond.
Personal life stories: Nonfiction often includes biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs that focus on the life experiences of individuals. These can range from famous historical figures to contemporary celebrities or everyday people with inspiring stories. Examples include Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson or Educated: A Memoir by Tara Westover.
Health and wellness: Nonfiction books may explore various aspects of health, well-being, nutrition, mental health, and more. These can be instructive in nature, providing information for both patients and professionals. Examples include The China Study: The Startling Implications of the China Study by T. Colin Campbell or When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi.
Scientific and technological advances: Nonfiction books may delve into scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and their implications on society. Examples include A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking or Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari.
True crime: Nonfiction books may focus on real-life criminal events, investigations, and the impact on society. Examples include In Cold Blood by Truman Capote or The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fairgrounds of America by Erik Larson.
Self-Help and personal development: Nonfiction books may offer guidance for personal growth, self-improvement, and overcoming challenges. Examples include The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment by Eckhart Tolle or Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill.

Remember that while these are common settings in nonfiction, many books may blend multiple settings or focus primarily on ideas rather than a physical setting.

Common characters

Nonfiction writing is characterised by its focus on factual information, real events, and actual people. Unlike fiction genres that often revolve around imaginary characters or scenarios created for entertainment purposes, nonfiction typically features:

The author as narrator: In many works of creative nonfiction, the author serves as a first-person narrator who shares their personal experiences and thoughts on a given subject. This allows readers to connect with the writer on a more intimate level and understand their perspective on the topic at hand.
Real people: Nonfiction often involves real people – whether they are historical figures, public intellectuals, or everyday individuals whose lives have been affected by certain events or issues. These characters can be central to the narrative or serve as supporting roles that help illustrate broader themes and ideas. These characters are based on real individuals who have played significant roles related to the subject matter of the work (e.g., historical figures, experts). These people may be portrayed as themselves if they agree or through careful research and representation when anonymity is preserved for privacy reasons.
The antagonist: In some cases, nonfiction may involve a conflict between different parties or viewpoints. This antagonistic force could represent an opposing idea, institution, or person who challenges the main character’s perspective on the subject matter.
Supporting characters: Nonfiction can also include supporting characters that help to provide context and depth to the story being told. These individuals may offer alternative viewpoints, share personal experiences, or contribute information relevant to the topic at hand.
The subject itself: In some cases, the subject matter itself can be considered a character in nonfiction works. For example, when writing about a natural phenomenon like a volcanic eruption or an environmental issue such as climate change, the subject being discussed may take on a life of its own within the narrative.
Historical figures: Nonfiction often includes well-known personalities from history who have contributed to the development of various fields such as politics, science, art, etc., providing a factual basis around which narratives are built (e.g., Martin Luther King Jr. in The Autobiography of Malcolm X).
Experts and authoritative figures: Nonfiction may feature interviews or depictions of professionals who have specialised knowledge about the subject matter, offering insights based on their expertise (e.g., scientists discussing climate change in a documentary).
Real-life events and incidents: The characters involved can be actual people participating in real events or incidents that are documented factually within nonfiction works like biographies, memoirs, investigative journalism pieces, etc. (e.g., the survivors of a natural disaster recounting their experiences).
Historical events: Nonfiction often involves characters who were directly or indirectly involved in significant historical events that shaped our world today (e.g., soldiers and civilians during World War II, explorers discovering new lands).

Overall, characters in nonfiction serve to help readers understand and engage with complex ideas and subjects by providing relatable human elements and personal experiences. And it’s important to note that while nonfiction works focus on real people and actual occurrences, the portrayal of these characters should adhere strictly to factual accuracy unless dealing with creative non-fiction genres like memoir or historical fiction where some artistic license may be applied.

Common plot devices

Nonfiction, as a genre, does not typically employ plot devices in the same way fiction genres do. However, it uses narrative techniques to structure and present information effectively. Common elements that serve similar purposes include:

Chronological ordering: Presenting events or facts sequentially from past to future (or vice versa) for clarity and understanding. For example, a historical nonfiction book might use chronological order to detail the progression of significant events leading up to World War II.
Compare-and-contrast: Highlighting similarities or differences between subjects within an informative context, often used in persuasive and expository writing. For instance, a nonfiction book on different economic systems might compare capitalism with socialism based on factual evidence to illustrate their impacts on society.
Cause-and-effect: Exploring the reasons behind events or phenomena (causes) and their outcomes (effects). This technique is frequently used in scientific, historical, and philosophical nonfiction works to explain complex concepts through a logical sequence of cause and effect relationships. For example, an environmental science book might discuss how deforestation leads to habitat loss for certain species as its main argument or focus point.
Problem-and-solution: Identifying issues within the subject matter (either factual gaps in knowledge or societal problems) followed by presenting evidence-based solutions, often found in persuasive and expository nonfiction writing aimed at advocating for change. For instance, a healthcare policy book might discuss rising obesity rates as an issue and propose dietary guidelines to address it based on scientific research findings.
Case studies: In-depth examination of specific instances or examples within the broader topic that serve to illustrate key points or arguments in nonfiction works, particularly prevalent in biographical writing (biography/autobiography) and some forms of travel writing where individual experiences are used for illustrative purposes.
Narratives: Although not plot devices per se, narrative techniques such as storytelling with a focus on factual accuracy can be employed to engage readers emotionally while presenting information in nonfiction works like memoirs or historical accounts (e.g., Night by Elie Wiesel).
Thematic organisation: Structuring the book around central themes, ideas, or questions that are explored through various factual examples and evidence throughout the text. This approach is common in philosophical nonfiction works where complex concepts like justice, morality, or human nature are examined from multiple angles using real-world case studies as illustrations.
Analogies: Using comparisons between two different things to clarify a concept or idea by drawing parallels based on factual similarities (e.g., comparing the structure of an ecosystem with that of human society in environmental science writing). While not strictly plot devices, analogies are often used as persuasive and explanatory tools within nonfiction works across various genres to enhance understanding or convey complex ideas more effectively.
Thesis statement or argument: This is a clear and concise statement that presents the main idea or argument of the book. It sets the tone for the rest of the work and helps guide the reader through the various points being made.
Organisational structure: Nonfiction books often follow a specific organisational structure to help readers understand the information presented in a logical manner. This can include chronological order, cause-and-effect relationships, or problem-solution formats.
Evidence-and-examples: To support their arguments, nonfiction authors typically provide evidence and examples from various sources such as research studies, interviews, personal experiences, historical events, or expert opinions. These help to strengthen the author’s point of view and add credibility to their work.

In summary, while traditional fiction plots may involve a specific sequence of events leading up to the climax and resolution (the “three-act structure”), in nonfiction writing, narrative techniques are employed differently but with similar objectives: presenting information clearly, engaging readers, providing evidence for arguments or explanations, and guiding them through complex ideas. These elements serve as structural tools rather than plot devices per se within the context of factual storytelling in nonfiction genres.

Conclusion

Conventions and tropes are the lifeblood of genre writing. By understanding what makes a particular genre tick, you can craft stories that resonate with readers while still leaving room for innovation and creativity. Remember: conventions provide structure, while tropes offer flexibility – use them to your advantage!

Understanding genre conventions and tropes is crucial to writing across various genres, as they help create a familiar framework that resonates with target audience expectations . However, writers should remember not to be confined by these elements but rather use them creatively while maintaining their unique voice.

By masterfully blending genre conventions and tropes or even subverting them when appropriate, authors can craft compelling narratives that captivate readers across genres – from romance novels with unexpected plot twists to science fiction stories set in unconventional worlds.

Ultimately, the key lies in finding a balance between adhering to genre conventions and tropes while injecting personal creativity into one’s writing. This approach will not only keep readers engaged but also help authors stand out within their chosen literary landscape – whether it be romance, horror, fantasy, or any other genre.

Genre Conventions, Tropes, Common Themes, Settings, Characters, and Plot Devices of Some Genres: Part 1

Definitions

Conventions

Tropes

Plot devices

Themes

Some guidelines

Common mistakes to avoid

Key takeaways

Specific Genre Conventions and Tropes

Action

Conventions

Tropes

Common themes

Common settings

Common characters

Common plot devices

Fantasy

Conventions

Tropes

Common themes

Common settings

Common characters

Common plot devices

Historical Fiction

Conventions

Tropes

Common themes

Common settings

Common characters

Common plot devices

Horror

Conventions

Tropes

Common themes

Common settings

Common characters

Common plot devices

Non-Fiction

Conventions

Tropes

Common themes

Common settings

Common characters

Common plot devices

Conclusion

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