This article follows on from ‘Genre Conventions, Tropes, Common Themes, Settings, Characters, and Plot Devices of Some Genres: Part 1‘ published on 2025-08-06.

Most Popular Book Genres

According to QueryTracker, the top ten most popular fiction genres are the following:

1. Young Adult (YA)
2. Fantasy (including YA and Children’s)
3. Children’s
4. Literary Fiction
5. Science Fiction
6. Thrillers/Suspense
7. Middle Grade
8. Romance/Erotica
9. Picture Book
10. Historical

Source = https://authority.pub/list-book-genres/

Paranormal

Conventions

The specific genre conventions for the paranormal genre can vary depending on the sub-genre, but here are some common elements:

1. Supernatural or fantastical elements: This includes creatures like vampires, werewolves, ghosts, witches, and other magical beings. Fantastical characters such as vampires, werewolves, shifters, faeries, goblins, and witches that play a significant role in the storyline.
2. Magical systems: The story may involve a complex system of magic with its own rules and limitations.
3. World-building: Paranormal stories often take place in alternate worlds or parallel universes where the supernatural is commonplace.
4. Conflict between humans and paranormals: There might be tension or conflict between human characters and those who possess supernatural abilities, as they may not be accepted by society.
5. Love triangles or relationships with obstacles: Romance is a key component of many paranormal stories, often involving complicated love interests or external forces that make the relationship difficult to maintain.
6. Supernatural threats or dangers: The story might involve supernatural antagonists like evil spirits, malevolent magical beings, or otherworldly entities that pose a threat to the protagonist and their world.
7. Mysteries or hidden pasts: Paranormal stories often have elements of mystery as characters uncover secrets about themselves or the world they inhabit.
8. Transformations or evolution: Characters might undergo physical, emotional, or psychological transformations throughout the story due to their supernatural experiences.
9. Moral dilemmas and choices: Paranormal stories often explore themes of morality, as characters must make difficult decisions about right and wrong in a world where magic exists.
10. Romantic relationships between human beings and supernatural creatures are central to paranormal romance novels.
11. A hidden magical world or society often exists as part of the setting where these fantastical characters reside, learn magic, or interact with each other (e.g., a secret school for witches).
12. The presence and influence of supernatural creatures on human relationships are key elements in paranormal romance novels.
13. While some authors may blend genres like urban fantasy and mystery within their works, the core focus remains on creating an atmosphere that combines both love storytelling with magical or otherworldly aspects.

Tropes

The specific genre tropes for the paranormal genre include:

1. Alien (biological entity from another world).
2. Angels and demons as celestial beings or supernatural entities that may require sacrifices in exchange for their aid.
3. Beasts or terrifying creatures originating on Earth: vampires (bloodsuckers), werewolves, shapeshifters, etc., often featured within the paranormal genre and urban fantasy settings.
4. Paranormal romance: a subgenre where supernatural elements are intertwined with romantic relationships as an essential component of storytelling, often involving angels and demons alongside more common creatures like vampires or werewolves.
5. Urban Fantasy: explores socio-political themes through a supernatural lens that mirrors the real world, often featuring haunted houses and other urban settings with hidden magical or demonic elements.
6. Paranormal mysteries: blend of mystery-solving tropes within a supernatural context, as seen in the Sookie Stackhouse series by Charlaine Harris which combines elements from both para-mysteries and paranormal romance.
7. Diverse subgenres under Paranormal: Including angels/demons, less common creatures like elementals or fae beings alongside more traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves; this diversity within the paranormal genre allows for a wide range of storytelling possibilities.
8. Blending genres to create unique narratives: Characters can navigate through various supernatural creatures, settings (urban fantasy), or themes while maintaining core elements from different subgenres like romance and mystery within the paranormal genre.
9. Supernatural beings such as vampires, werewolves, ghosts, witches, and shapeshifters.
10. Haunted locations or objects with a history and backstory.
11. Magical elements like spells, potions, and enchantments.
12. The concept of the “chosen one” who has a special destiny related to the supernatural world.
13. A battle between good and evil, often involving an apocalyptic event or prophecy.
14. Forbidden love or relationships due to the supernatural nature of one or both characters involved.
15. The struggle for acceptance and understanding in a human world that doesn’t believe in or understand the paranormal.
16. Mysterious, powerful organisations or individuals who control or manipulate the paranormal world.
17. Time travel or alternate dimensions where supernatural events occur.
18. Elements of horror or suspense to create tension and fear for the characters and readers alike.

Common themes

Some common themes in the paranormal genre include:

1. Supernatural beings: The presence of creatures like vampires, werewolves, ghosts, faeries, witches, demons, etc., is a staple in paranormal fiction. These entities often serve as the central focus or catalyst for events within the storyline.
2. Immortality and eternal life: Many stories explore themes of immortality through supernatural beings who defy death’s grasp on humanity, raising questions about mortality, existence, and what it means to live forever.
3. Hauntings and ghostly apparitions: Paranormal fiction frequently delves into the world of spirits that haunt specific locations or individuals due to unresolved issues from their past lives. These themes often involve exploring emotional connections between living characters and deceased entities, as well as investigating why these beings are unable to move on peacefully.
4. The blurred line between reality and the supernatural: Paranormal fiction challenges readers’ perceptions of what is real by presenting extraordinary events that seem plausible within a fictional world where paranormal elements exist alongside human society. This theme often explores how characters navigate their lives amidst these unexplainable occurrences, and the impact on relationships between humans and supernatural beings alike.
5. The power of love: Love is another common motif in the genre, as it can serve to bridge gaps between different species or even realms (e.g., a human falling for an immortal being). Paranormal romances often explore how these relationships develop and evolve despite supernatural barriers that may exist within their worlds.
6. The exploration of the unknown: Many paranormal stories involve characters embarking on journeys to uncover hidden truths about themselves, others around them or to solve mysteries related to ghosts, spirits, curses and otherworldly phenomena. These quests often lead to self-discovery, personal growth, and a deeper understanding of the supernatural world they inhabit.
7. The interplay between good versus evil: Paranormal fiction frequently features moral dilemmas where characters must confront their own beliefs about right and wrong when dealing with otherworldly beings or situations that challenge societal norms (e.g., a ghost seeking redemption, an immortal being struggling to find purpose).
8. The impact of supernatural elements on society: Paranormal stories often explore how the existence of these entities affect human communities and their belief systems. This theme may involve examining societal attitudes towards different species or exploring cultural myths surrounding ghosts, spirits, curses, etc., within a specific setting (e.g., Japan’s folklore).
9. The struggle for identity: Characters in paranormal fiction often grapple with their own identities as they navigate relationships between humans and supernatural beings or deal with the challenges of living among entities that are not entirely human themselves, such as faeries or shape-shifters. This theme can also extend to exploring how these characters’ experiences influence others around them in society at large.
10. The search for balance: Paranormal fiction frequently delves into questions about the coexistence of humans and supernatural beings within a shared world, examining issues such as power dynamics between species or realms (e.g., vampires’ need to hide their true nature from human society). This theme often involves exploring how characters work towards finding harmony amidst these complex relationships while preserving the delicate balance of existence in their universe.

These themes are not exhaustive, but they do represent some common threads that run throughout many paranormal stories.

Common settings

Some common settings of the paranormal genre include:

1. Haunted or abandoned locations, such as old mansions, castles, and other historical buildings with a dark past (e.g., House Of Earth And Blood by Sarah J. Maas).
2. Urban environments featuring derelict cityscapes where supernatural elements coexist alongside human society (e.g., Magic Bites series by Ilona Andrews).
3. Small towns or rural areas with a close-knit community, often hiding secrets and mysteries related to the paranormal world (common in many urban fantasy novels like The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher).
4. Enchanted forests, mystical realms, hidden villages, or other magical landscapes where supernatural creatures reside alongside humans (e.g., Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling; Narnia books by C.S. Lewis).
5. Contemporary settings with a blend of the ordinary and extraordinary elements that allow for paranormal occurrences to take place within our world, often involving hidden magical or supernatural communities (e.g., Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer; The Mortal Instruments trilogy by Cassandra Clare).
6. Dystopian futures where the blending of technology and paranormal elements creates a unique setting for exploring new world-building possibilities, such as in Scott Westerfeld’s Uglies series or Veronica Roth’s Maze Runner trilogy (though not strictly within traditional urban fantasy settings).
7. Alternate realities where the laws of physics and reality are different from our own, allowing for various paranormal phenomena to exist in a world that may be similar yet distinctly unique compared to Earth (such as The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis or His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman).
8. Space-based settings where alien species, planets with supernatural properties, and otherworldly landscapes are commonplace in the paranormal genre (e.g., Expanse series by James S.A. Corey; The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin).
9. Time-travel settings where characters navigate different eras or alternate timelines, encountering various supernatural elements and creatures along the way (such as in Doctor Who‘s companion novels like The Eight Doctors series).
10. Mythical worlds inspired by ancient folklore, legends, and mythologies where gods, demigods, spirits, or otherworldly beings inhabit a parallel universe alongside humans (e.g., Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan; The Kane Chronicles by Rick Holmes).
11. Urban fantasy, often set in a city with magical or fantastical elements and supernatural creatures coexisting with humans. Examples include Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling and Sookie Stackhouse series by Charlaine Harris.
12. Haunted houses or abandoned buildings that serve as the backdrop for horror stories featuring ghosts, spirits, or other supernatural beings. Examples include The Amityville Horror by Jay Anson and The Shining by Stephen King.
13. Historical settings with a paranormal twist, such as magical realms during medieval times or Victorian-era cities filled with supernatural creatures. Examples include Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke and the All Souls Trilogy by Deborah Harkness.
14. Modern-day stories set in everyday life but featuring paranormal elements, such as vampires, werewolves, or other magical beings. Examples include Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer and The Covenant series by Jennifer L. Armentrout.

These settings can provide a rich backdrop for paranormal stories to unfold, allowing authors to explore themes of fear, suspense, and the unknown.

Common characters

The paranormal genre is known for its wide range of fascinating and often supernatural characters. Here are some common ones:

1. Vampires: Immortal beings with a thirst for blood, often depicted as charismatic but deadly.
2. Werewolves (Lycanthropes): Humans who transform into wolves or other animals during full moons, driven by primal instincts.
3. Witches (Sorcerers): Practitioners of magic, often with the ability to cast spells, manipulate elements, and wield powerful potions.
4. Ghosts: Spirits of the dead that linger on earth, sometimes seeking closure or revenge.
5. Demons: Malevolent entities from hell or other dimensions, often depicted as seductive but evil.
6. Angels: Divine beings with a mission to protect humanity, sometimes struggling between good and evil.
7. Shapeshifters (Therianthropes): Humans who can transform into various animals, like wolves, bears, or birds.
8. Fae (Fairies): Magical creatures from folklore, often depicted as mischievous, beautiful, and powerful.
9. Mermaids: Half-human, half-fish beings with a deep connection to the ocean’s secrets.
10. Zombies: Reanimated corpses driven by an insatiable hunger for human flesh.
11. Voodoo Practitioners (Houngans): Masters of dark magic and voodoo rituals, often depicted as mysterious and powerful.
12. Mummies: Ancient Egyptians brought back to life through supernatural means, seeking revenge or redemption.

These characters are just a few examples of the many fascinating beings that inhabit the world of paranormal fiction.

Common plot devices

In the paranormal genre, common plot devices often revolve around the discovery and exploration of supernatural elements or powers. Some examples include:

1. The discovery: A character discovers they have a hidden supernatural ability or heritage that sets them apart from others in their world. This can be a gradual reveal or sudden awakening, leading to a journey of self-discovery and acceptance.
2. Conflict with the supernatural world: Characters face challenges and dangers posed by otherworldly beings, creatures, or forces that they must overcome using their unique abilities or knowledge. This can involve battles, negotiations, or problem-solving situations.
3. The transformation: A character undergoes a transformation, either physically (e.g., werewolves) or mentally/emotionally (e.g., learning to control newfound powers), as they adapt to their new reality and learn how to navigate the supernatural world around them.
4. Love in the supernatural world: Paranormal romances often involve relationships between humans and supernatural beings, presenting challenges related to cultural differences or societal expectations within these worlds. This can also include love triangles or forbidden romances that add tension and conflict to the story.
5. The struggle between good and evil: Many paranormal stories explore themes of good versus evil, with characters choosing a side and facing consequences as they navigate their roles in the supernatural world. This can involve battles between factions or individuals with conflicting goals.
6. Supernatural consequences: Actions taken by characters may have unforeseen supernatural repercussions that drive the plot forward, creating new challenges and obstacles for the protagonist to overcome.
7. The mysterious artefact/object: Paranormal stories often involve a powerful or cursed object that holds secrets or has the potential to change the course of events in the story. Characters may be driven by their desire to possess, destroy, or understand this artefact.
8. Time travel and alternate realities: Some paranormal stories explore alternate realities or time travel, allowing characters to experience different versions of reality or interact with historical figures and events. This can lead to a deeper understanding of the supernatural elements at play in their world.
9. The haunted house/location: A setting that is infested with ghosts, demons, or other paranormal entities can serve as both a physical location for conflict and a metaphorical representation of the characters’ inner turmoil.
10. The discovery: A character, often a sceptic or someone new to the supernatural world, discovers that they have special abilities or are connected to the paranormal in some way. This discovery can be gradual or sudden and is usually sparked by an external event or crisis.
11. The hunt: Paranormal stories often involve a quest for knowledge, power, or redemption, which leads characters on dangerous journeys through supernatural realms or encounters with otherworldly beings. This can be both exciting and terrifying as the protagonist navigates unfamiliar territory and faces life-threatening challenges.
12. Convincing the sceptic: Many paranormal stories involve a character who is initially sceptical of the supernatural elements in their world, often due to societal conditioning or personal disbelief. As they are confronted with evidence that cannot be denied, they must grapple with accepting this new reality and its implications for themselves and those around them.
13. The transformation: Paranormal stories can involve characters undergoing a transformation, either physically (e.g., becoming a vampire or werewolf) or emotionally/spiritually (e.g., gaining psychic abilities or understanding the true nature of their world). This transformation often comes with great responsibility and power, leading to internal struggles as they learn to control and manage these newfound abilities.
14. Choosing a side: Many paranormal stories involve characters being forced to choose between two opposing factions (e.g., good vs evil, light vs dark) or align themselves with a specific group within the supernatural world. This decision often has lasting consequences and can change the course of their lives forever.
15. The new family: Paranormal stories often explore themes of belonging and acceptance by presenting characters as part of a new family or community that shares their unique abilities or experiences. These relationships can be both supportive and challenging, reflecting the complexities of human connections in an extraordinary world.

Average word count

The average word count for a paranormal novel is around 75,000 – 95,000 words. This genre tends to have a slightly shorter word count compared to other genres like science fiction and fantasy.

Here are some specific guidelines:

• Paranormal Romance: 70,000-90,000 words.
• Urban Fantasy (which often overlaps with Paranormal Romance): 80,000-100,000 words.

Keep in mind that these are general guidelines, and the ideal word count for your novel ultimately depends on factors like plot complexity, character development, pacing, and audience expectations. Remember, it’s not just about hitting a specific word count; it’s also important to ensure that your story is well-paced, engaging, and effectively told within its chosen length.

Poetry

“Poetry is not a thing to be read, but an experience.” – T.S. Eliot

Conventions

Poetry, as a form of literary expression, encompasses various genres and styles that adhere to specific conventions. Here are some key types of poetry along with their genre-specific characteristics:

1. Ode: An ode is an elaborate lyrical poem praising or glorifying something, often in the style of ancient Greek lyric poems. It typically follows a formal structure and uses ceremonial language to convey intense emotions about its subject matter (e.g., John Keats’ “Ode on a Nightingale”). Traditionally follows a strict ABAB rhyme scheme in iambic meter, often addressing a subject or idea in an elevated tone.
2. Elegy: An elegy is another form of lyrical poetry that mourns the loss or death of someone, usually in an elevated and solemn manner. It often follows traditional verse structure to convey deep emotions (e.g., Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard“). Typically mourns the loss of someone or something, using formal language and structure, often following ABAAB rhyme schemes with iambic pentameter.
3. Haiku: A Japanese-originating form consisting of three lines with 5 syllables for the first line, 7 syllables for the second line, and 5 syllables again for the third line (e.g., Matsuo Bashō’s “An old silent pond”). Consists of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables, often focusing on nature or seasonal elements.
4. Sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme such as ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, commonly used to express love or deep emotions (e.g., William Shakespeare’s sonnets). Strictly follows one of two forms: the Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet with an octave (eight lines) followed by a sestet (six lines), or the English (Shakespearean) sonnet with three quatrains and a final couplet. Both use specific rhyme schemes, usually iambic pentameter.
5. Ballad: Narrative poetry that tells a story using quatrains and often has musical qualities; it can follow an ABCB rhyme scheme but is not limited by this structure (e.g., “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge). Uses narrative verse structure, typically in quatrains (four line stanzas) using ABAB rhyme schemes and iambic tetrameter or trimeter.
6. Free Verse: A form of poetry that does not adhere to any specific meter or rhyme pattern, allowing poets more freedom in expression and creativity (e.g., Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass”). Does not follow any particular form or meter but relies on rhythm, tone, and other poetic devices to convey meaning and emotion.
7. Lyrical Poetry: Focuses on expressing personal emotions and feelings through a musical quality; it can be free verse but often uses rhyme or meter to create an intimate, conversational tone (e.g., Emily Dickinson’s poems).
8. Epic: A long narrative poem that tells the story of heroes and their adventures in grand scope and scale (e.g., Homer’s “The Iliad” or Virgil’s “Aeneid”).
9. Villanelle: Consists of five tercets followed by a final quatrain, with specific repeating lines that create an intricate pattern; it often explores themes such as love and loss (e.g., Dylan Thomas’ “Do not go gentle into that good night”). Consists of 19 lines in a fixed form, using a specific rhyme scheme (usually ABAA ABBA AABA ABCABA) and a repetitive refrain.
10. Sestina: A complex form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each followed by a three-line envoi, with intricate word repetition patterns based on the end words; it often explores themes such as love and loss (e.g., Elizabeth Bishop’s “Sestina”). Uses six end-words that are repeated throughout the poem, each appearing at the ends of successive stanzas in a new order, resulting in 39 lines with three stanzas of six lines followed by a final, concluding tercet.
11. Epigram: A brief, witty poem or statement that conveys a clever observation about life or human nature in an unexpected way (e.g., Oscar Wilde’s famous epigrams).
12. Acrostic Poem: Consists of lines where the first letter from each line spells out a word vertically, often used to convey hidden messages or meanings within poetry (e.g., “My Life Has Been Paradise” by Emily Dickinson).
13. Limerick: Follows an AABBA rhyme scheme with a specific rhythm of anapestic trimeter for the first, second, and fifth lines, and anapestic dimeter for the third and fourth lines.
14. Pantoum:  Consists of four-line stanzas where the second and fourth lines of each stanza become the first and third lines of the next stanza, creating a circular structure while maintaining a specific rhyme scheme (usually ABTA ABVB ABCD CDCE).

Tropes

Genre tropes for poetry can vary depending on the specific type of poetry. However, some common trope examples in different genres include:

1. Romantic Poetry (e.g., sonnets):
   • Love at first sight.
   • Unattainable love or unreciprocated affection.
   • Nature as a metaphor for emotions and relationships.
   • Spirituality, the infinite, and divine elements in human experience.
   • Passionate longing (e.g., “My heart is like a singing bird”).
2. Gothic Poetry:
   • Mysterious settings or landscapes with dark forests, haunted castles, etc.
   • Supernatural elements and the occult.
   • The uncanny (eerie familiarity) in human experience.
   • Emotional turmoil and melancholy.
3. Epic Poetry:
   • Hero’s journey or quest narrative arc, including trials, challenges, and ultimate triumph/victory over adversities.
   • The use of grandiose language to describe heroic deeds (e.g., “valiant warriors”).
4. Pastoral Poetry:
   • Idealised rural settings with shepherds or farmers as protagonists, often longing for a simpler life in nature away from urban society’s complexities and corruptions.
   • Nature imagery to evoke peacefulness (e.g., “green pastures”)
5. Satirical Poetry:
   • Social critique through irony or sarcasm, often addressing political issues, societal norms, or human follies and vices.
   • Use of wit to expose hypocrisy or absurdity in society (e.g., “The Flea” by John Donne).
6. Haiku:
   • Nature imagery with a focus on the present moment (“cutting grass”).
   • Seasonal references and kigo, traditional Japanese words that symbolise specific times of year.
   • A juxtaposition between two images or ideas (e.g., “An old silent pond…/A frog jumps into the sound— / Splash! Silence again.”).
7. Epic Poetry:
   • Hero’s journey, often involving a supernatural mentor figure and epic battles or conflicts (e.g., “Beowulf”)
   • Use of grandiose language to describe heroic deeds (“The dragon screeched its death-rattle in the sky.”)
8. Lyrical Poetry:
   • Personal emotions, thoughts, and experiences expressed through a musical quality (e.g., “Ode on a Grecian Urn”).
   • Use of vivid imagery to evoke sensory responses (“Bright airships sailing / Through the blue expanse above.”).
9. Narrative Poetry:
   • A story with characters, plot, and conflict (e.g., “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe).
   • Use of rhythm to create a sense of movement or flow in the narration (“And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming.”).
10. Concrete Poetry:
    • Visual arrangement and typography used as an integral part of the poem, with shapes created by words (e.g., “The Mouse” by George Herbert)

Romance

“Romantic fiction is about relationships.” – Jodi Lynn Anderson

Conventions

The romance genre has several conventions that readers expect, which can vary depending on the subgenre. Here are some general guidelines:

1. Subgenres: Romance is a diverse genre with numerous sub-genres such as contemporary romance, historical romances, fantasy/paranormal romances, young adult romances, religious romances, erotic romance, and more. Each of these has its own conventions in terms of setting (e.g., modern offices for contemporary romance), themes, character types, etc.
2. Plot structure: Romantic novels typically follow a structure that includes tension-building elements like conflicts or obstacles the characters must overcome before reaching their happy ending. Understanding genre conventions helps writers craft satisfying stories within these expectations while still allowing for creativity and originality (e.g., blending subgenres).
3. Character development: Romance novels often focus on character development, particularly in terms of relationships between the protagonists or romantic interests. This includes exploring emotional connections, personal growth, vulnerability, etc. The story should focus on the development of a romantic relationship between two main characters who typically start off as strangers or acquaintances but grow closer over time. This often involves personal growth for both characters, overcoming obstacles to their love, and ultimately finding happiness together.
4. Setting and backgrounds: The setting plays a crucial role in establishing mood (e.g., darker colour palettes for thrillers/mystery romances). Settings can range from contemporary environments to fantastical worlds or historical periods, depending on the subgenre chosen by the author.
5. Central love story: A key convention in romance is that there should be one central love story at the heart of the narrative. Side plots may exist, but they should not overshadow or detract from the main romantic relationship.
6. Happily Ever After (HEA) or Happy for Now (HFN): Romance novels typically end with a happy ending where the couple achieves their goal – either in an HEA (a permanent and fulfilling commitment between the characters) or a HFN (a temporary resolution that leaves room for hope of future happiness).
7. Tension, conflict, and obstacles: There should be tension, conflict, and obstacles to overcome throughout the story. These can include external factors like work commitments or family issues, as well as internal struggles such as past traumas or insecurities.
8. Emotional depth: Romance novels often delve deeply into emotions, exploring themes of love, loss, desire, and heartbreak. The characters should experience a wide range of feelings that readers can relate to and empathise with.
9. Chemistry between the leads: A strong romantic connection or chemistry between the two main characters is essential in any romance novel. This could be instant attraction, slow-burning passion, or even an enemies-to-lovers dynamic.
10. Proper introduction of love interests: The love interest should be properly introduced and developed as a character throughout the story. Readers want to understand why these two characters are falling in love and what makes them compatible.
11. Respect for the characters: Romance novels often emphasise respect, communication, and understanding between the main characters. This can include consent, empathy, and mutual support.
12. Setting and atmosphere: The setting of a romance novel should be an integral part of the storytelling, whether it’s a bustling city or a remote island paradise. The atmosphere should evoke emotions that complement the romantic themes of the narrative.
13. Genre-specific elements: Depending on the subgenre (e.g., historical romance, paranormal romance), there may be additional conventions to consider such as period-appropriate language and customs in historical romances or supernatural elements like magic or shapeshifting in paranormal romances.

Remember that while these are common conventions, they can (and should) be adapted and subverted to suit your unique story and voice. The key is to understand the expectations of readers within the romance genre so you can meet them while still creating something fresh and original.

Tropes

Romance genre tropes are specific thematic patterns, archetypes, and story hooks that have become standard in romantic narratives. These elements draw audiences into the stories by tapping into familiar concepts of love, relationships, conflict resolution, character development, and plot progression within this literary category. Some well-known tropes include:

1. Enemies to lovers: Two characters who start off disliking each other but eventually fall in love due to shared experiences or personal growth.
2. Friends to enemies then friends/lovers: Characters begin as close friends, turn into rivals (often for the same person), and later reconcile their differences while developing romantic feelings.
3. Love triangles: A central character is torn between two love interests who are usually competing or conflicting in some way.
4. Forbidden love: Characters face societal, familial, or personal obstacles that prevent them from being together despite strong mutual affection and desire for each other.
5. Soul mates: The belief that the protagonists were destined to meet and are perfectly matched on a deep emotional level. Also a belief that two people are destined to be together, often involving supernatural elements like reincarnation.
6. Secret billionaire/secret royal: A wealthy individual with hidden status (either as an heir or from another realm) enters into romance, often leading to dramatic plot twists.
7. Girl next door: An ordinary yet endearing character who captures the protagonist’s heart through her simplicity and genuine nature.
8. Love at first sight: Characters instantly recognise their deep attraction for each other upon meeting without prior knowledge or interaction.
9. Fake relationship trope (also known as “playing house”): Couples pretend to be in a committed romantic partnership, often with ulterior motives such as gaining social status or financial benefits.
10. Marriage of convenience: A practical arrangement between two people leads them to pretend to be married, and then they actually fall for each other.
11. Fake relationship: Characters pretend to be in a romantic relationship for various reasons but end up falling for each other.
12. Arrogant playboy finds his heart: An aloof or self-centred character learns the value of love through a significant other.
13. Forced proximity (roommates, coworkers, hostages, etc.): Two characters are forced to spend time together in close quarters and fall for each other.
14. There’s only one bed!: A common plot device where characters must navigate the complexities of living together while sharing limited sleeping arrangements (e.g., hostels, shared dormitories).

These tropes serve to create familiarity and expectation within romance narratives but can also be subverted or combined in creative ways by writers looking for fresh takes on traditional storytelling methods.

Common themes

The romance genre is known for exploring universal themes that resonate with readers. Here are some common themes found in romance novels:

1. Love conquers all: The idea that love can overcome any obstacle, challenge, or adversity. And emphasising a definitive happily-ever-after (HEA). This theme emphasises the power of love to overcome any obstacle or challenge that comes in its way, often portraying a strong belief in the transformative and unifying nature of love.
2. Second chances: Stories about rekindling old flames, reconciling past mistakes, or finding new love after heartbreak. The idea of giving someone another opportunity after they have made mistakes or gone astray is central to this theme. It highlights the possibility for redemption and growth through love and understanding. This a popular trope in romantic stories as it taps into our desire for redemption and happiness.
3. Friends to lovers: Tales of friends who evolve into romantic partners, often with a strong foundation of trust, familiarity and friendship. And adding depth to the characters’ connection and their journey towards love.
4. Betrayal and redemption: Explorations of forgiveness, healing, and the power of love to overcome hurtful experiences. Betrayal often serves as a plot device that tests the strength of the couple’s love and commitment to each other. It showcases the importance of forgiveness and resilience in relationships.
5. Identity and self-discovery: Novels that explore characters’ journeys towards self-awareness, confidence, and personal growth through romantic relationships.
6. Death and loss: Stories about coping with grief, finding closure after loss, or using love as a way to heal emotional wounds. The theme of death is prevalent in many romance stories, where characters face their mortality or experience loss, which ultimately strengthens their bond and deepens their emotional connection.
7. Social status and class: Tales of social climbers, those who defy societal expectations, or stories that highlight the challenges faced by characters from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
8. Forbidden love: Novels featuring taboo relationships (e.g., age gaps, cultural differences, same-sex love), which often explore themes of acceptance, tolerance, and understanding.
9. Power dynamics: Stories about power imbalances in relationships, such as dominant/submissive roles or situations where one partner has more control than the other.
10. Personal growth and transformation: Novels that show characters evolving through their romantic experiences, becoming better versions of themselves. The transformative power of love that can change characters’ lives for better or worse. Characters often undergo significant personal transformations throughout a romance novel, both individually and within their relationship with the love interest.
11. Love and relationships: This is the most obvious theme, as it’s central to any romantic story. The development of love between characters often drives the plot forward.
12. Overcoming obstacles: Romance novels frequently involve characters overcoming various challenges, such as long distances or societal expectations, in order to be together.

These are just a few examples, as many other romance tropes exist within this genre that explore different aspects of human relationships, including trust issues, family dynamics (blood versus chosen), and the pursuit of happiness despite life’s challenges.

Common settings

The romance genre is known for its diverse settings, but here are some common ones:

1. Contemporary settings: Modern-day cities, towns, or small communities in the United States, Europe, Australia, or other Western countries. Many contemporary romances take place in bustling urban environments, where characters navigate busy streets and crowded spaces while developing their relationship. Settings can be diverse but should reflect a relatable reality for the audience to connect emotionally.
2. Historical settings: Periods like Regency (1810-1820), Victorian (1837-1901), Edwardian (1901-1910), and Medieval (5th century to 15th century) England; American Colonial Era (1600s); Ancient Greece or Rome; etc. Romance novels can be set in various historical periods, from ancient times to medieval Europe or other cultures around the world. These offer rich backdrops that influence character development and plot dynamics. These settings often provide a sense of nostalgia while exploring timeless themes like love across different cultures and societal norms.
3. Fantasy settings: Magical realms, mythical lands, alternate worlds, or futuristic societies with a touch of magic, mythicism, or science fiction elements. In this sub-genre, romance stories are infused with magical elements, mythical creatures, and alternate worlds that transport readers into new realms of imagination. These offer an escape from reality while still focusing on the emotional journeys of characters and their relationships within these imaginative settings.
4. Paranormal settings: Supernatural environments featuring ghosts, vampires, werewolves, demons, angels, or other paranormal creatures. These stories involve supernatural events or characters, such as vampires, werewolves, or ghosts, adding a thrilling twist to the romantic narrative. The paranormal aspect adds intrigue and tension to the romantic plotlines while exploring themes related to forbidden love or unconventional relationships.
5. Small-town/rural settings: Quaint towns, villages, farms, or ranches in the United States, Canada, Australia, or Europe, often with a strong sense of community and nostalgia. These stories often focus on close-knit communities and the unique challenges that come with living in a more intimate setting. These novels set in small communities often focus on close-knit societies where everyone knows each other’s business, leading to intriguing dynamics between romantic leads as they navigate love stories within the confines of a tightly woven social fabric and limited settings.
6. Beach/coastal settings: Beachside resorts, coastal cities, or small beach towns along oceans like the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Pacific Coast Highway (USA), or British seaside towns.
7. Mountain/wilderness settings: Mountains, national parks, forests, or wilderness areas in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, or South America, often with a focus on outdoor adventure and rugged landscapes.
8. City/urban settings: Bustling metropolises like New York City (USA), London (UK), Paris (France), Tokyo (Japan), Sydney (Australia), or other major cities worldwide.
9. Equestrian/ranching settings: Horse farms, ranches, rodeos, or cowboy culture in the United States, Canada, Australia, or Europe, often with a focus on horses and rural life.
10. Luxury/high-society settings: Upscale environments like luxury hotels, mansions, country clubs, or high-end boutiques in major cities worldwide.
11. Workplaces: Office romances, hospital dramas, and other workplace settings provide opportunities for characters to interact regularly while overcoming professional obstacles and personal conflicts.
12. Exotic or foreign locations: Romantic stories set in exotic locales like tropical islands, European cities, or far-off countries can add an element of adventure and cultural exploration to the love story.
13. Natural settings: Romances that take place in natural environments such as mountains, beaches, or forests often emphasize themes of connection with nature and personal growth through overcoming challenges presented by these settings.
14. Young adult (YA) settings: Romance novels for young adults often take place in high schools, colleges, or other teenage environments, exploring themes of first love and self-discovery. These novels targeting young adult readers often feature contemporary settings, where teenage characters navigate first loves and coming-of-age experiences within a familiar social environment that resonates with the intended audience’s age group.
15. Military/Combat zones: These romances take place in military environments like warzones, bases, or postings abroad, exploring relationships between soldiers, spouses, or civilian characters involved in wartime situations and their emotional struggles amidst conflict-related challenges.

These settings can be combined, modified, or used as inspiration to create unique backdrops for your romance stories! These are just a few examples, as many other romance tropes exist within this genre that explore different aspects of human relationships, including trust issues, family dynamics (blood versus chosen), and the pursuit of happiness despite life’s challenges.

Common characters

Common characters in the romance genre often embody specific traits that resonate with readers and drive narrative tension. Here are some key characteristics frequently found within these stories:

1. The heroine: Typically, a strong-willed female character who is independent yet vulnerable enough to grow through her experiences in the story. She often faces personal challenges or societal expectations and evolves throughout the narrative. She is often a strong, independent woman who is seeking love and companionship while maintaining her own identity and goals in life. Examples include Elizabeth Bennet from “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen and Hermione Granger from J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, who embodies intelligence combined with emotional depth.
2. The hero: Usually a male character portrayed as charming or ruggedly handsome but often flawed in some way that makes him relatable and human. He typically undergoes personal growth through his interactions with the heroine, learning to overcome obstacles for love’s sake. He may be a charming, attractive man who is often initially resistant to the idea of commitment but eventually realizes that he has fallen in love with the heroine. Examples include Jay Gatsby from “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Mr. Darcy from Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice.”
3. Love interest: A character who captivates the protagonist, often serving as a catalyst for change or self-discovery in both characters involved. This can be another romantic lead (often mirroring some traits of the heroine) like Elizabeth Bennet’s love interest Mr. Darcy from “Pride and Prejudice.” They can be the other central figure in the story, the love interest is often equally complex as the hero/heroine, with their own unique background, motivations, and growth arc throughout the narrative.
4. The sidekick: A loyal friend or confidant who supports the protagonist, often providing comic relief but also offering wisdom that aids in overcoming challenges within romantic plots. An example is Lizzy Bennet’s close friends Charlotte Lucas and Jane Bennet from “Pride and Prejudice.”
5. The villain: Typically an antagonist who creates conflict for the protagonists, often embodying traits that are opposite to those of the heroine or her love interest (e.g., arrogance in place of humility). Examples include Mr. Wickham from “Pride and Prejudice” as a foil to Darcy’s character.
6. The mentor: A wise figure who guides the protagonist, often providing insights that help them navigate their romantic journey or personal growth. Examples include Mr. Bennet in “Pride and Prejudice,” whose dry wit offers a different perspective on love and marriage to his wife Elizabeth.
7. Best friend: A supportive character who provides advice, encouragement, and comic relief throughout the story while also serving as a sounding board for the protagonists’ feelings and concerns.
8. The antagonist: This could be an external force (e.g., societal expectations) or another romantic interest that stands in the way of the heroine and her love interest, creating conflict and tension within the story.

These characters contribute significantly to various subgenres within the broader category of romance, from contemporary settings with modern flaws (e.g., Lara Jean Collins’s Katniss Everdeen in “The Hunger Games” series) to historical romances where traditional roles and societal norms are central themes (such as Anne Elliot’s character development alongside Captain Wentworth in Jane Austen’ fiestas). Understanding these archetypal characters helps writers create compelling narratives that resonate with readers, while also allowing for innovation within the genre.

Common plot devices

The romance genre has many beloved plot devices that readers and writers alike have come to expect. Here are some common ones:

1. Meet-cute: This is where two characters meet in an endearing and often humorous way for the first time. It’s a classic setup that hooks readers by showcasing immediate chemistry between protagonists.
2. Romantic tension building: The gradual increase of emotional intensity as romance develops, leading to passionate encounters and deepening feelings. This tension is carefully crafted through dialogue, actions, and internal monologues that hint at the characters’ growing attraction. This creates tension and keeps readers engaged.
3. Love triangles: A popular trope where two individuals vie for one person’s affection, creating a dynamic of conflict between them as well as within themselves regarding their feelings towards each other or what they want from love and relationships.
4. Secret past/Hidden truths: Characters may have secrets that significantly impact the relationship’s development—these could be past romances, undisclosed identities (e.g., secret royalty), or hidden talents relevant to their storyline.
5. Second chances and redemption arcs: Many romance novels feature characters who have made mistakes in the past but are given a chance at redemption through love, allowing them personal growth alongside relationship development.
6. Obstacles and trials: These challenges test the couple’s commitment to each other, often involving external forces like family opposition or societal expectations (e.g., arranged marriages). Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for character evolution and romantic progression.
7. Couple is torn apart: Circumstances force the couple to separate, leading to heartbreak and conflict that tests the strength of their relationship.
8. Passionate reunions: A pivotal moment where separated lovers find each other again, reigniting their love after a period of separation or misunderstanding. This trope often serves as the catalyst to move past obstacles in the plot.
9. The Happily Ever After (HEA): The culmination point for romance novels where characters overcome all challenges and find lasting love, providing a satisfying conclusion that resonates with readers who enjoy optimistic endings.
10. Happy for Now (HFN): The story concludes with a resolution where the characters are either reunited or find happiness in each other’s company, providing closure for the readers and satisfying the romantic expectations of the genre.

These plot devices are not mutually exclusive; many romance novels combine multiple tropes for added complexity and drama!

Average word count

The average word count for a romance novel is around 50,000 to 60,000 words for true genre romance (like Harlequin Mills & Boon), and longer books that still tell a proper romantic story can do well too, with a range from 75,000 to 100,000 words or in rare cases a little more.

This range is considered standard within the industry and aligns with what most publishers expect for commercial success while still delivering an engaging storyline that captures readers’ hearts. It’s important to note that there can be exceptions based on specific sub-genres or unique stories; however, staying within this word count range is advisable unless you have a compelling reason not to do so and are aware of the market preferences for longer romance novels (which tend to fall into the 100,000 words category).

Keep in mind that these are general guidelines, and the ideal word count for a romance novel can vary depending on factors like genre subcategory, target audience, and author style. Remember, it’s not just about the number of words; it’s also about crafting a compelling story with well-developed characters, engaging plotlines, and satisfying character arcs.

Science Fiction

“Science fiction is the most important literature of our age, because it deals with all those things that are going to happen in the future.” – Arthur C. Clarke

Conventions

Science fiction genre conventions are characterised by their focus on imaginative and futuristic concepts, often involving advanced technology, scientific advancement, space exploration, or time travel. Specific genres within science fiction can be identified through various elements such as:

1. Futuristic settings or advanced technology: Science fiction often takes place in a future time period, featuring technological advancements that don’t currently exist or are still in development.
2. Scientific elements and concepts: The stories often involve scientific principles, theories, or discoveries as central plot points or themes.
3. Space exploration or extraterrestrial life: Many science fiction works explore the possibilities of space travel, colonisation, or encounters with alien beings.
4. Time travel: A popular subgenre within science fiction is time travel, which often involves altering historical events or exploring alternate timelines.
5. Dystopian and post-apocalyptic settings: These themes depict societies in decline or after a catastrophic event, reflecting on the potential consequences of current societal trends or technological advancements.
6. Unique worlds or dimensions: Science fiction often features alternate realities, parallel universes, or other imaginative environments that challenge our understanding of reality.
7. Speculative elements and world-building: The genre frequently involves speculation about future technologies, social structures, or human evolution, requiring detailed world-building to immerse readers in the story’s setting.
8. Suspenseful plots and action sequences: Science fiction often features thrilling plotlines involving conflict, adventure, and danger, as characters navigate complex situations with advanced technology or otherworldly threats.

Tropes

Science fiction tropes are commonly used literary devices that help define and shape the genre. They can be cliches, but when employed skilfully, they enhance storytelling by providing familiar touchstones for readers while also allowing writers to innovate within those established frameworks. Here’s a closer look at some specific science fiction tropes:

1. Technological innovation and societal impact: Hard sci-fi often explores the potential advancements of technology, their societal impact, ethical implications, or how they alter human existence. Examples include faster-than-light travel (like “warp speed”), artificial intelligence developments, genetic engineering, advanced robotics and cybernetics, etc.
2. Alien encounters: The trope of encountering extraterrestrial life is a staple in science fiction across all subgenres. It can range from first contact scenarios to more nuanced depictions where aliens interact with human society or are misunderstood due to cultural differences (e.g., the “Greys” vs. the diverse representations of alien species). Science fiction stories often feature encounters with alien species, exploring themes of first contact, communication, and conflict between humans and aliens.
3. Time travel: This trope involves characters moving through time, either forward into future events or backward into past occurrences. It often raises complex questions about causality and morality when dealing with potential paradoxes (e.g., “Back to the Future“). Stories that involve travelling through time to change the past or explore different historical periods are common in science fiction. This trope can lead to alternate timelines and parallel universes.
4. Dystopian/utopian societies: These tropes explore idealised societal structures, whether they’re perfect or flawed utopias where everything works flawlessly for everyone and dystopias marked by oppressive regimes that control every aspect of life (e.g., “1984“, “Brave New World“). Stories set in futuristic societies that are characterised by social collapse, totalitarian governments, or environmental disaster. These tales often explore themes of survival, rebellion, and the struggle for a better future.
5. Genetic engineering: The trope involves manipulating genes to create new species, enhance human abilities or eradicate diseases and disorders – a topic increasingly relevant in our rapidly advancing scientific landscape (e.g., the gene-altering experiments of “Gattaca“).
6. Parallel universes/multiverse: This trope involves multiple universes coexisting, each with its own set of physical laws or alternate versions of reality and history – often explored through time travel scenarios that allow characters to visit these parallel worlds (e.g., “Sliders“).
7. Post-apocalyptic world: This trope features a future Earth devastated by nuclear war, pandemics, climate change or other cataclysmic events – a setting where humanity struggles for survival and rebuilding in the face of immense challenges (e.g., “The Road“). Stories set in worlds devastated by catastrophic events such as nuclear war, global pandemics, or environmental disasters. These tales explore themes of survival, rebuilding, and the human spirit’s resilience.
8. Cybernetics/cyborgs: This trope explores humans with mechanical parts or enhanced abilities, often blurring the line between man and machine – a theme that has evolved from early works like “Issac Asimov’s I, Robot” to more recent examples (e.g., “Bicentennial Man“).
9. Artificial intelligence: This trope explores sentient AIs with their own consciousness and motivations – often raising questions about the nature of intelligence, free will, morality, etc. Examples include HAL 9000 from “2001: A Space Odyssey” or Skynet in the Terminator series (e.g., a future where machines rebel against humanity).
10. Alien cultures and societies: This trope involves depicting alien civilisations with their own unique cultures, languages, social structures – often challenging or enlightening our understanding of societal norms (e.g., the diverse extraterrestrial species in “Star Trek“).
11. Space opera: This trope involves epic stories set in space with large-scale conflicts and battles between powerful civilisations or factions. It often features advanced technology, alien species, and heroic characters.
12. Cyberpunk: This subgenre focuses on advanced technology and its impact on society, particularly involving artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and cybernetics. It often features a bleak, dystopian setting with corporate power struggles and anti-hero protagonists.
13. Colonisation of space/planets: Science fiction stories that focus on humanity’s expansion into space, colonising other planets or moons in search of resources, new life, or a better future. These tales often explore themes of exploration, resource management, and cultural clashes between different human groups.
14. Robots and artificial intelligence: Stories involving the creation, evolution, and potential consequences of advanced artificial intelligence and robotic beings. This trope can lead to explorations of consciousness, morality, and the nature of humanity itself.
15. Interstellar travel/exploration: Science fiction stories that focus on the exploration of distant stars, galaxies, and civilisations through faster-than-light travel or other advanced technologies. These tales often explore themes of discovery, cultural exchange, and the vastness of the universe.
16. Alternate history: Stories that change a key historical event to create an alternate timeline, exploring how this would impact society, technology, and human history in general. This trope can lead to speculative histories with advanced technologies or different political outcomes.

Common themes

These themes are not unique to science fiction and can be found in other genres as well. However, the speculative nature of science fiction allows authors to explore these themes in imaginative and thought-provoking ways that often comment on our current society and its challenges.

1. Rebellion: This theme is often seen in dystopian stories where characters resist against oppressive governments or systems.
2. Oppression: Science fiction often explores the consequences of oppression and the struggle for freedom and equality.
3. Good vs evil: This classic theme is prevalent in many science fiction stories, including those that feature space battles, alien invasions, or apocalyptic scenarios.
4. Family: The importance of family relationships and dynamics can be a powerful theme in science fiction, particularly in stories that explore the consequences of technological advancements on human connections.
5. Survival: This theme is often tied to survival against all odds, whether it’s fighting for one’s life in a post-apocalyptic world or struggling to survive in a hostile alien environment.
6. Advanced technology: Science fiction often explores scenarios involving advanced technology such as time travel, space travel, or artificial intelligence. These technologies can lead to interesting plot developments and ethical dilemmas for characters.
7. Dystopian settings: Many science fiction stories take place in societies that are plagued by grave injustices, suffering, or other forms of social decay. This allows authors to explore the consequences of certain technological advancements on society as a whole.
8. Politics and power struggles: Science fiction often delves into political themes such as government control over technology, interstellar diplomacy, or the struggle for autonomy in a future world.
9. Survival and adventure: Many science fiction stories involve the protagonists overcoming challenges in a hostile environment or facing dangerous situations due to their technological advancements. This can lead to thrilling adventures and high stakes for the characters involved.
10. Advanced technology and its impact on society, such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, virtual reality, or genetic engineering: These technologies often raise ethical questions about their use and potential consequences for humanity’s future.
11. Space exploration and colonisation of other planets: Science fiction frequently imagines the challenges faced by humans venturing into space to explore new worlds and establish settlements beyond Earth, as well as encounters with extraterrestrial life forms or civilisations.
12. Time travel: The concept of time manipulation is a popular theme in science fiction that explores alternate timelines, historical events’ impact on the present day, and potential paradoxes arising from changing past actions.
13. Posthumanism: The idea of humans evolving beyond their current physical form through genetic engineering, cybernetics, or other means is another common theme in science fiction literature. This often leads to discussions about the nature of humanity itself and its relationship with technology.
14. Alien life forms and extraterrestrial civilisations: Science fiction frequently explores encounters between humans and alien species from different planets, raising questions regarding communication barriers, cultural differences, or potential conflicts arising from these interactions.
15. Ethical dilemmas in scientific advancements: As science progresses at an unprecedented pace, sci-fi literature often examines the moral implications of technological breakthroughs and their impact on society’s values, belief systems, or human relationships.
16. The nature of consciousness and identity: Science fiction explores philosophical questions about what it means to be sentient, including artificial intelligence (AI), cloning, mind uploading, and the concept of multiple identities in virtual realms.
17. Utopian societies: In contrast to dystopias, some science fiction stories imagine idealised futures where technology has solved many humanity’s problems or created harmonious communities that have overcome social challenges through innovation and cooperation.
18. The exploration of alternate realities/parallel universes: Science fiction often delves into the concept of multiple, interconnected dimensions or parallel worlds with their own unique laws of physics, histories, and societies for characters to navigate in search of answers or escape from a predicament.

These elements often blend together to create intriguing stories that explore scientific possibilities while addressing human emotions, humanity, imagination, and ethical quandaries.

Common settings

Here are some common settings in science fiction:

1. Urban setting: Derelict cityscapes, poverty-stricken areas, and dystopian cities with a dark aesthetic.
2. Space: Space travel, space stations, planets, galaxies, or other celestial bodies.
3. Fantastical worlds: Imaginary realms, magical kingdoms, mythical lands, or alternate dimensions.
4. Post-apocalyptic world: A world that has been devastated by natural disasters, wars, or environmental catastrophes, and leaving characters struggling to survive and rebuild civilisation.
5. Dystopian society: Stories may be set in futuristic worlds where society is controlled by an authoritarian government, technology has led to social decay, or humanity faces extinction due to environmental disasters or alien invasions.
6. Alternate history: Historical events re-imagined in an alternate timeline, often with advanced technology or magical elements. These settings explore alternative timelines based on historical events with different outcomes (e.g., if certain wars never happened or key figures made different choices), allowing characters to interact within a world where technology, culture and society have evolved differently from our own reality.
7. Space or alien planets: Settings that involve discovering new habitable exoplanets in distant solar systems, encountering diverse alien species, exploring unique ecosystems, terraforming projects for colonisation purposes, etc., while also dealing with the challenges of interstellar travel. (e.g., Star Wars, Ender’s Game)
8. Futuristic cities or societies on Earth: Often depicting advanced technology, urban landscapes with towering skyscretesque buildings, flying cars or hover vehicles, neon lights, etc., while also showcasing societal issues like inequality, surveillance states, overpopulation. (e.g., Blade Runner, The Matrix)
9. Virtual reality worlds or digital realms: Settings that explore the digital frontier with advanced technology allowing people to live in virtual environments, experience augmented realities, interact within computer-generated worlds, hack into systems for information retrieval, etc., while also dealing with ethical dilemmas related to AI or human consciousness. (e.g., Ready Player One, Snow Crash)
10. Time travel settings: Settings that involve characters journeying through different time periods (past or future), altering timelines and experiencing historical events firsthand, encountering famous figures from history, witnessing technological advancements in alternate eras, etc., while also dealing with the consequences of temporal paradoxes. (e.g., Back to the Future, 1984)
11. Post-apocalyptic landscapes: (e.g., The Road, Mad Max)
12. Underwater or aquatic environments: (e.g., The Little Mermaid, Avatar)
13. Secret laboratories or research facilities: (e.g., Jurassic Park, X-Files)
14. Space stations or interstellar vessels: (e.g., 2001: A Space Odyssey, Event Horizon)
15. Parallel universes or alternate realities: Settings that involve time travel, alternate realities, multiverse theories, portals to other worlds, teleportation devices, mind-bending phenomena like wormholes, etc., where characters navigate complex temporal landscapes or encounter diverse alien civilisations. (e.g., Slaughterhouse-Five, The Prestige)
16. Space exploration: Many stories take place on spaceships, space stations, or planets within a vast universe, often involving interstellar travel and colonisation efforts.
17. Cyberpunk cities: Set in sprawling urban landscapes dominated by advanced technology, corporate control, and a subculture of hackers and rebels fighting for their rights and autonomy.
18. Space stations and colonies on other planets: These settings explore the challenges of living in space environments such as zero gravity, isolation from Earth, resource scarcity, or alien landscapes with unique flora and fauna.

Remember that these settings can be combined in various ways to create unique stories within the science fiction genre, and these settings often serve as a backdrop for exploring themes such as technology’s impact on society, humanity’s place in the universe, and the consequences of scientific advancements.

Common characters

Some common characters in the science fiction genre include:

1. The scientist or inventor: A character with a strong knowledge of science or technology, often driven by curiosity and a desire to make groundbreaking discoveries. They may creates new technologies, often pushing the boundaries of what is possible and leading to unforeseen consequences. Examples include: Dr. Frankenstein (Frankenstein), Professor James Moriarty (Sherlock Holmes series), Dr. Leonard “Bones” McCoy from Star Trek, Sheldon Cooper from The Big Bang Theory, and Dr. Emmett Brown (Doc Brown) from Back to the Future, Tony Stark/Iron Man from Marvel Comics, and Hari Seldon in Isaac Asimov’ foil characters often serve specific purposes within a story.
2. The explorer or pioneer: A character who ventures into unknown territories, whether it be space, time, or alternate dimensions. Examples: Captain James T. Kirk (Star Trek), Marty McFly (Back to the Future).
3. The alien or extraterrestrial: An extraterrestrial being who may be friendly or hostile, challenging the human protagonist’s understanding of their own identity and place in the universe. They may come from another planet or dimension, often with unique abilities and perspectives on humanity. Examples: E.T., Yoda (Star Wars), Spock from Star Trek, and Zaphod Beeblebrox from The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.
4. The robot or artificial intelligence: A sentient machine with emotions and self-awareness, often struggling to find its place in a world dominated by humans, or a machine or computer program that gains consciousness or emotions, sometimes challenging the boundaries between human and machine. Examples: Data (Star Trek: The Next Generation), Samantha (Her), Sonny from I, Robot, and C-3PO from Star Wars.
5. The time traveller: A character who journeys through time, often facing paradoxes or moral dilemmas as they attempt to change history for their own benefit or the greater good. As they can move through time, often using their knowledge of the future to change the past or present. Examples: Doctor Who, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Marty McFly from Back to the Future, River Song from Doctor Who, and George Edward Morgan from 12 Monkeys.
6. The dystopian rebel: A character fighting against an oppressive government or society in a bleak future world. They may stand against an oppressive regime or powerful entity, fighting for freedom and justice. Examples: Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games), Winston Smith (1984), Luke Skywalker from Star Wars, and Ellen Ripley from Alien.
7. The telepath or psychic: A character with the ability to read minds, control thoughts, or communicate telepathically. Examples: Jean Grey/Phoenix (X-Men), Melanie Stryder (The Host).
8. The space explorer or adventurer: This character is often a brave and curious individual who travels through space, exploring new worlds and facing various challenges along the way. Examples include Captain Kirk from Star Trek, Malcolm Reed from Mass Effect, and Han Solo from Star Wars.
9. The lone hero or protagonist: A central character who faces challenges and drives the plot forward, such as Luke Skywalker from “Star Wars.“
10. The reluctant hero/foe: Characters initially unwilling to take on their role but eventually embrace it, like Captain Kirk in “Star Trek” or Dr. Evil (a parody of Ernst Stavro Blofeld) in the Austin Powers series.
11. The foil: A character who contrasts with another main character, highlighting their traits or decisions; for instance, Han Solo serves as a foil to Luke Skywalker by initially being more cynical and self-serving but evolves alongside him in “Star Wars.”
12. The antagonist: A central villain whose actions oppose the protagonist’s goals; characters like Darth Vader from the original Star Wars trilogy embody this role, providing conflict for heroes to overcome.
13. Sidekicks or companions: Supporting characters who aid and develop alongside main characters but may not be as central to plot progression; examples include Chewbacca in “Star Wars” and Trip Thurston (Trip) from the TV series “Firefly.”

These character archetypes, when used effectively with well-developed personalities and growth arcs, contribute significantly to engaging science fiction narratives.

Common plot devices

In the science fiction genre, common plot devices often revolve around advanced technology or scientific discoveries. Some examples include:

1. Alien encounters: Stories that involve first contact with extraterrestrial beings or exploring alien worlds, and exploring themes of communication, cooperation, and conflict. Examples include “Ender’s Game” by Orson Scott Card, “Contact” by Carl Sagan, Arthur C. Clarke’s “Childhood’s End“, and the Star Trek TV series.
2. Time travel: Narratives where characters travel through time, often to change past events or explore the consequences of altering history. Examples include “The Time Machine” by H.G. Wells, “11/22/63” by Stephen King, and the Back to the Future film series.
3. Dystopian societies: Stories set in futuristic societies where technology has led to a dehumanising, oppressive environment. Examples include “Brave New World” by Aldous Huxley, “The Hunger Games” series by Suzanne Collins, George Orwell’s “1984” and Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale.”
4. Artificial intelligence/robotics: Narratives that explore the development of intelligent machines or robots and their impact on society. Examples include “I, Robot” by Isaac Asimov and “Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?” by Philip K. Dick.
5. Space exploration: Stories centred around space travel, colonisation, or exploration of distant galaxies. Examples include the “Star Wars” franchise, “The Expanse” series by James S.A. Corey, Jules Verne’s “From the Earth to the Moon” and more recent examples like Andy Weir’s “The Martian.”
6. Alternate realities/parallel universes: Narratives that explore what would happen if certain historical events had different outcomes, or explore the idea of parallel dimensions where events have diverged from our own reality, like Philip K. Dick’s “The Man in the High Castle“, the Sliders TV series, “Slaughterhouse-Five” by Kurt Vonnegut.
7. Scientific breakthroughs/experiments gone wrong: Stories that involve a scientific discovery or experiment gone awry, often with disastrous consequences for humanity. Examples include “Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley and “Jurassic Park” by Michael Crichton.
8. Post-apocalyptic survival: Narratives that follow characters trying to survive in a world devastated by war, environmental disaster, or other catastrophes, like Cormac McCarthy’s “The Road” and the Mad Max film series.
9. Technological singularity: Narratives that explore the concept of rapidly advancing artificial intelligence or technology leading to a radical change in human society, often resulting in unforeseen consequences, as seen in films such as “2001: A Space Odyssey” and “The Matrix.”
10. Futuristic technology and innovations that drive the story forward: Such as advanced artificial intelligence (AI), time travel, space exploration vehicles like spaceships or starships, virtual reality environments, genetic engineering, cloning, cybernetics, etc. These plot devices often explore possibilities beyond our current scientific understanding while still adhering to established theories and principles of science fiction writing.
11. Exploring the social implications of futuristic technology: Science fiction frequently delves into how new technologies impact society’s structure, culture, politics, ethics, or human relationships in a future world setting. This can include examining issues like artificial intelligence rights and responsibilities, virtual reality addiction, genetic discrimination, etc., providing readers with thought-provoking scenarios that challenge their perspectives on the present society’s trajectory.
12. The unknown and unexplored: Science fiction frequently explores new frontiers in knowledge by introducing alien civilisations, undiscovered planets or phenomena (e.g., black holes), parallel universes, etc. These plot devices allow authors to delve into the mysteries of existence while simultaneously examining humanity’s place within a vast and ever-expanding universe.
13. Exploration of scientific concepts: Science fiction often incorporates real or plausible scientific theories (e.g., quantum mechanics, string theory) as plot devices to explore how these ideas might manifest in the future world setting. This allows authors to create intriguing and intellectually stimulating scenarios that challenge readers’ understanding while grounding their stories within a framework of established science fiction tropes or conventions.
14. Moral dilemmas: Science fiction frequently presents characters with difficult choices involving advanced technology, ethical considerations (e.g., cloning), artificial intelligence rights and responsibilities, etc. These plot devices encourage readers to examine their own values while contemplating the consequences of technological progress on society’s moral fabric.

Average word count

Typically between 80,000 to 100,000 words (average). However, this can vary depending on the specific story and the author’s style. Some well-known science fiction novels have even exceeded 200,000 words.

Thrillers

“The key to all successful thrillers is creating a sense of suspense.” – Patricia Cornwell

Conventions

Thriller genre conventions are a set of elements and techniques that writers commonly use to create suspense, tension, excitement, and anticipation in their stories. These conventions help define the thriller as its own distinct category within fiction writing. Here’s an overview of specific genre conventions for thrillers:

1. Suspenseful atmosphere: Thrillers are characterised by a tension-filled, suspenseful atmosphere that keeps readers on edge throughout the story. This is achieved through various narrative techniques such as pacing, cliffhangers, and carefully crafted plot twists. The goal of creating an intense emotional response in the reader makes them eager to know what happens next. Creating a sense of tension and uncertainty throughout the story to keep readers engaged and on edge.
2. Realistic characters: Thrillers often feature well-developed characters who are relatable or realistically flawed individuals facing extraordinary circumstances, such as danger and suspenseful situations. Readers typically connect with these protagonists on a personal level while also being intrigued by their skills, motivations, and vulnerabilities in the face of adversity.
3. Short narratives: Thrillers are known for having concise narrative structures that focus primarily on action-packed scenes rather than extensive backstory or exposition. This allows writers to maintain a fast pace while still developing characters and advancing plotlines effectively within the genre’s conventions.
4. Plot twists: One of the most distinctive features in thrillers is their frequent use of unexpected, surprising twists that challenge readers’ assumptions about events or character motivations throughout the story. These revelations often lead to dramatic shifts and changes in direction for both characters and plotlines alike.
5. Intense climax: Thriller stories typically build up tension steadily until reaching a climactic moment that delivers an intense, emotionally charged experience for the reader or viewer. This high-stakes culmination often involves life-or-death situations and serves as the ultimate payoff of all preceding suspenseful events in the storyline. The story’s resolution is typically an intense, high-stakes confrontation or event that ties up the plot threads.
6. Action sequences: Thrillers frequently feature action scenes that are fast, exciting, and visually stimulating for readers or viewers. These sequences can range from chase scenes to confrontations between characters with heightened stakes, showcasing physical abilities as well as mental prowess in overcoming obstacles.
7. Darker colour palettes: Visual elements like colour palettes and imagery often reflect the darker tone of thrillers. Writers may describe scenes using words that evoke a sense of danger, mystery, or foreboding to help create an atmosphere consistent with this genre’ foothold in popular culture across various mediums such as novels, films, television series, and video games.
8. Futuristic elements: In science fiction thrillers, writers may incorporate futuristic elements like advanced technology or speculative settings to enhance the suspenseful atmosphere while exploring themes of humanity’s relationship with progress and innovation in a world fraught with danger.
9. Psychological thriller focus: This subgenre emphasises internal conflicts, mental states, and emotional turmoil experienced by characters as they navigate complex situations or face their darkest fears. The focus on psychology within thrillers often involves exploring the human mind’s limits in coping with stressful circumstances while maintaining a suspenseful narrative structure.
10. Serialised storytelling: Many modern-day thriller series are designed to keep readers engaged over an extended period, building tension and anticipation through multiple instalments that develop intricate plotlines involving recurring characters or interconnected story arcs across different books in the same universe.
11. Fast-paced plot: Thrillers often involve action, chase scenes, or investigations that move at a rapid pace.
12. Plot twists and cliffhangers: Unexpected events and revelations are common in thriller stories to maintain reader interest.
13. Realistic characters: Characters should be believable and relatable, with well-developed motivations and backstories.
14. Dark themes: Thrillers often explore darker aspects of human nature, such as violence, corruption, or psychological manipulation.
15. Unreliable narrator/protagonist: In some thriller subgenres like psychological thrillers, the protagonist may be unreliable or have hidden motivations that are revealed over time.

Tropes

Thriller genre tropes are specific elements and patterns commonly found in thrillers that help to create suspense, tension, and excitement for the reader. Here are some of the key trope categories within the thriller genre:

1. Suspenseful atmosphere: The setting often plays a crucial role in creating an intense mood with minimal exposition about characters or plot details initially. Examples include isolated locations like abandoned buildings, dark alleys, and desolate landscapes that contribute to building suspense from the beginning of the story.
2. Realistic characters: Thrillers typically feature well-developed protagonists who are relatable yet flawed individuals facing extraordinary circumstances or challenges in their lives. The character’s actions should be believable and grounded, making it easier for readers to empathise with them despite the high stakes involved.
3. Short narratives: Thrillers often have a concise plot structure that keeps things moving quickly without getting bogged down in unnecessary details or subplots. This helps maintain tension throughout the story and allows authors to deliver unexpected twists, cliffhangers, and surprises more effectively.
4. Plot twists and cliff-hangers: Thrillers are known for their unpredictable plot developments that keep readers guessing about what will happen next. These elements include red herrings (misleading or false leads), surprise reveals of characters’ true intentions, and sudden changes in the storyline to maintain suspense throughout the narrative.
5. Intense climax: The culmination of a thriller often involves an intense confrontation between protagonists and antagonists that tests their skills, resolve, or relationships with others involved. This high-stakes moment usually results in life-altering consequences for both the characters and readers alike.
6. Psychological elements: Thrillers frequently explore psychological aspects of human nature by delving into themes such as obsession, paranoia, identity crises, or moral dilemmas that challenge protagonists’ beliefs and actions throughout their journey. This focus on the characters’ internal struggles adds depth to the storyline while keeping readers engaged in suspenseful situations.
7. Genre-specific tropes: Some common thriller genre trope examples include mistaken identity, uncovering hidden secrets or conspiracies, and exploring supernatural elements like mind control, hauntings, or psychic abilities (in the case of paranormal/supernatural thrillers).
8. High-stakes situations and dangerous scenarios.
9. Suspenseful pacing with a sense of urgency.
10. Protagonist in over their head or outmatched by the antagonist(s)
11. Secret organisations, conspiracies, or hidden agendas.
12. Espionage or espionage-like elements (spying, surveillance, etc.)
13. Chases (car chases, foot chases, etc.)
14. Mysteries to be solved.
15. Highly skilled antagonists who are often one step ahead of the protagonist(s)
16. A ticking clock or deadline that the characters must meet.

By incorporating these tropes into their writing, writers can create compelling stories that keep readers on edge while immersing them in a world filled with suspense and intrigue.

Common themes

Thrillers often explore themes that create tension, suspense, and excitement. Here are some common themes found in the thriller genre:

1. Politics: Thrillers often explore political intrigue, conspiracies, and power struggles within governments or organisations. Examples include spy novels like John le Carre’s “Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy” where intelligence agencies are at the centre of a complex plot to uncover Soviet moles in British Intelligence during the Cold War era.
2. Morals: Thrillers frequently examine ethical dilemmas and moral choices faced by characters, often putting them against life-threatening situations where they must make difficult decisions that challenge their values or beliefs. For instance, in Gillian Flynn’s “Gone Girl,” the protagonist navigates a complex web of deceit while grappling with her own morality and personal relationships.
3. Death: The theme of death is prevalent throughout thrillers as characters confront mortal danger or attempt to prevent their demise, creating tension and suspense for readers. In Clive Barker’s “The Hellbound Heart,” the protagonist embarks on a journey through hell itself in search of immortality while facing unimaginable horrors along the way.
4. Survival: Thrillers often feature characters who must overcome life-threatening situations and use their wits, skills, or physical prowess to survive against seemingly insurmountable odds. For example, in Sebastian Junger’s “In the Electric Mist,” a small town is plagued by violence during Prohibition, forcing its inhabitants to rely on resourcefulness and resilience for their own safety.
5. Adventure: Thrillers frequently involve high-stakes adventures that test characters physically or mentally as they navigate dangerous environments or face perilous obstacles in pursuit of a goal. In Jack London’s “The Call of the Wild,” Buck, an English dog stolen and sold into Alaskan sled dogs, must adapt to survive against harsh conditions while competing for dominance among his fellow canines.
6. Love: While not as common in thrillers compared to other genres like romance novels or dramas, love-themed plots often serve a crucial role within the larger narrative structure of suspenseful stories involving complex relationships and emotional stakes for characters involved. For instance, in Gillian Flynn’s “Dark Places,” siblings come together to investigate their mother’s murder while navigating strained familial bonds that are further complicated by a mysterious romantic subplot.
7. Espionage: Spy thrillers revolve around the world of espionage, where characters engage in covert operations and intelligence gathering against powerful adversaries or hostile governments. In John le Carre’s “Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy,” a British spymaster uncovers an intricate Soviet mole network within his own ranks during the height of Cold War tensions, leading to high-stakes political and personal consequences for those involved in this dangerous game of cat-and-mouse.

These themes often intertwine with one another or serve as a backdrop against which suspenseful narratives unfold, keeping readers engaged while exploring the darker aspects of human nature and society through thrilling plots that challenge characters’ beliefs, loyalties, and survival instincts.

Common settings

Thrillers often take place in settings that create a sense of tension, danger, and uncertainty. Here are some common settings for thrillers:

1. Urban landscapes: Cities like New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, or London provide the perfect backdrop for thrillers, with their busy streets, dark alleys, and crowded public spaces. These locations provide opportunities for high-stakes action and tension in crowded spaces.
2. Isolated locations: Places that are hard to reach or isolated from civilisation can create a sense of vulnerability and increase tension. Examples include:
   • Remote cabins in the woods.
   • Abandoned lighthouses on rocky coastlines.
   • Deserts with no signs of life for miles around.
3. High-stakes environments: Settings where people’s lives are at risk or high stakes are involved can create a thrilling atmosphere, such as:
   • Airports and airplanes (e.g., “Snakes on a Plane”).
   • Hospitals and medical facilities (e.g., “The Silence of the Lambs”).
   • Prisons and maximum-security institutions
4. Dark alleys and backstreets: The shadows can be just as deadly as any villain in these settings, which often feature:
   • Narrow streets with no streetlights or surveillance cameras.
   • Abandoned buildings or construction sites.
   • Docks, piers, or waterfront areas at night.
5. Subterranean environments: Places that are underground or underwater can create a sense of claustrophobia and increase tension, such as:
   • Sewers and tunnels.
   • Underground parking garages or basements.
   • Abandoned mines or caves.
6. High-tech facilities: Settings with advanced technology and surveillance systems can create a thrilling atmosphere, including:
   • High-security research labs.
   • Cybersecurity hubs (e.g., “The Net”).
   • Advanced military bases or command centres.
7. Travelling settings: Thrillers often take place during travel, such as:
   • On a plane or train.
   • In a car chase across the country.
   • At sea on a ship or boat.
8. Historical sites: Ancient ruins, historical landmarks, or museums can provide an eerie atmosphere and raise questions about secrets hidden in the past.
9. Schools and universities: Settings like schools, colleges, or research institutions can create tension among students, faculty members, or researchers.
10. Prisons and maximum-security facilities: The harsh environment of a prison or high-security facility can amplify the sense of danger and desperation.
11. Research stations in extreme environments: Places like Antarctica, space stations, or remote scientific outposts can provide an isolated setting with limited escape options.
12. Hotels and resorts: Luxurious hotels or vacation resorts can be turned into settings for thrills, especially when characters are trapped or stalked by a villain.
13. Government facilities: Settings like government buildings, military bases, or secret agencies can create tension around the nations security, espionage, or conspiracy theories.
14. Abandoned buildings or areas where people are less likely to be found: This can create an atmosphere of isolation and danger as the protagonist navigates through unknown territory.
15. Remote wilderness or islands, often with a small community living there: These settings provide opportunities for claustrophobic tension as well as potential for survival elements.
16. High-security facilities like prisons, government buildings, or research laboratories: These locations often have strict security measures that can be exploited for dramatic tension as the protagonist tries to evade capture or uncover secrets.
17. Cyberspace and virtual reality environments, particularly in techno-thrillers: Where hacking and digital espionage play significant roles.
18. Suburban neighbourhoods: Some thrillers are set in seemingly ordinary suburbs, where the idyllic setting is disrupted by hidden secrets or a series of mysterious events. This creates an atmosphere of paranoia and suspicion among the residents.
19. Confined spaces: Thrillers can also take place within confined spaces such as a house, prison, or ship, creating a claustrophobic environment that heightens tension and increases the sense of urgency for the characters to solve their problems or escape from danger.
20. Natural disaster settings: Some thrillers are set during natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, or floods, which can exacerbate existing conflicts and force characters into life-or-death situations.
21. Historical periods: Thrillers may be set in the past, with historical events serving as a backdrop for the unfolding story. This setting allows for exploration of themes such as power struggles, political intrigue, and secret societies that have persisted throughout history.

These settings provide the perfect backdrop for thrillers to unfold, keeping readers on the edge of their seats as they navigate danger, suspense, and intrigue.

Common characters

Thrillers often feature a range of characters that help drive the plot and create tension. Here are some common character archetypes found in thrillers. These characters can be combined and modified to create unique stories within the thriller genre.

1. The protagonist (hero): This is typically a flawed yet relatable character who finds themselves caught up in an intense situation or conflict that requires them to overcome various obstacles, often involving danger or high-stakes scenarios. They are usually resourceful and resilient but may lack certain skills initially.
2. The antagonist (villain): A central figure responsible for creating tension within the story by opposing the protagonist’s goals through manipulation, deception, violence, or other means. Villains in thrillers are often complex and multi-dimensional to keep readers engaged with their motivations and actions throughout the plot twists.
3. The sidekick: A loyal companion who supports the main character (protagonist) by providing assistance during critical moments of danger or distress, helping them navigate through challenges they face alone. This character can be a friend, family member, ally, or even an expert in their field that helps bridge gaps and overcome obstacles with knowledge or skills not possessed by the protagonist.
4. Supporting characters: These include allies, friends, family members, and sometimes even enemies of the protagonist who help or hinder their progress throughout the story.
5. Journalists/investigators: Characters who use their skills to uncover information and expose secrets that are crucial to solving the central conflict.
6. Hostages: Characters who are kidnapped, threatened, or otherwise endangered by the antagonist, often used to create tension and urgency in the plot.
7. The Detective/Investigator/policeman: A law enforcement officer (often private investigators) who assists the main character(s), either directly or indirectly, to uncover clues, solve mysteries, track down suspects and ultimately bring justice in a high-stakes environment where time is of the essence, and they can be protagonists themselves (like Jack Reacher) or assist the main character in their investigation.
8. The love interest: A secondary romantic interest that adds emotional depth to the storyline while also contributing to character development for both themselves and other characters involved. Their presence can create additional tension, conflict or motivation within the plot as they navigate their relationships with various individuals in a high-stress environment.
9. The mentor: An experienced individual who guides the protagonist through challenges by sharing wisdom, knowledge, skills, or connections that aid them on their journey to uncovering truths and resolving conflicts within the storyline. This character can be an older relative, a retired professional in relevant fields (e.g., detective), or even someone who previously worked with antagonists but has since changed allegiances for personal reasons.
10. The unreliable narrator: A narrative device wherein the story is told from the perspective of an untrustworthy character, intentionally misleading readers and adding layers to plot twists or revealing hidden motives behind certain events in a thriller’ fixture within this genre.
11. Expert consultants: Individuals with specialised knowledge or skills, like hackers, scientists, or spies, who help the protagonist in their quest for answers or solutions.
12. Government officials/spymasters: Figures of authority within intelligence agencies or government organisations that can either aid or obstruct the main character’s progress.
13. The victim/target: Characters who become victims due to their involvement with antagonistic forces (either directly or indirectly), often serving as catalysts for the protagonist(s) and other characters involved, driving them towards action against those responsible. These individuals may be innocent bystanders caught in dangerous situations or purposefully targeted because of a connection to key players within the storyline.
14. The corrupt authority figure(s): Characters in positions of power and authority who are involved in the antagonist’s plans or may even be working alongside them. These characters often betray trust and contribute to the protagonist’s struggle.
15. The red herring: A misleading character, event, or clue that diverts attention away from actual plot developments and leads readers astray while adding complexity and suspense to an unfolding mystery. These characters can be individuals who seemingly play significant roles but ultimately serve as distractions rather than true contributors to the story’s central conflict(s).
16. The double agent: A character with dual allegiances, working for both antagonistic forces and protagonists (or vice versa), adding intrigue by blurring lines between friend and foe while complicating relationships within a thriller narrative. These characters can create suspenseful moments of uncertainty as their true loyalties are revealed or concealed throughout the storyline.
17. The informant: A character who provides valuable information to protagonists, assisting them in uncovering secrets and navigating through dangerous situations by sharing insider knowledge about antagonistic forces’ plans, weaknesses, or vulnerabilities within a thriller plot.

Common plot devices

Thrillers often employ a range of plot devices to keep readers engaged and on the edge of their seats. Here are some common ones:

1. The MacGuffin: A mysterious object, information, or goal that drives the plot forward. An object or goal that drives the protagonist and often serves as a catalyst for conflict in the story. It is not necessarily important to the overall theme, but it provides motivation for characters’ actions.
2. Red herrings: False clues or misleading hints designed to distract from the true mystery or villain.
3. Plot twists: Unexpected turns of events that surprise readers and keep them guessing. These unexpected turns or revelations challenge readers’ assumptions about the plot, character motivations, or relationships between key players in the narrative. Plot twists can range from minor surprises to major shocks that redefine how events are perceived and understood within a storyline.
4. Cliffhangers: Suspenseful endings that leave readers eager for more, often with unanswered questions or unresolved conflicts.
5. The “What if” scenario: A situation where the protagonist is forced to make a difficult choice between two unappealing options, creating tension and conflict.
6. The unreliable narrator: A narrator who provides misleading information, making it unclear what’s real and what’s not. They can give misleading information to distract both characters and readers from discovering important plot details or solving a mystery prematurely. This technique adds complexity and unpredictability to the storyline.
7. False identities: Characters using pseudonyms or hiding their true identities to conceal motives or protect themselves from danger.
8. Double crossings: Betrayals by characters that create tension and conflict within the story.
9. The “Man Behind the Curtain”: A mysterious figure pulling strings, often with ulterior motives.
10. High-stakes confrontations: Intense showdowns between good and evil forces, where the stakes are high and the outcome is uncertain.
11. Suspense: Creating a feeling of anticipation and uncertainty to keep readers engaged throughout the story. The primary goal in any thriller is generating tension or anticipation about what will happen next. This can be achieved through pacing, cliffhangers at the end of chapters/scenes, and carefully crafted reveals that keep readers on edge.
12. Realistic characters: Developing well-rounded, believable characters that readers can relate to or empathize with. While thrillers may feature larger-than-life villains or heroes, they also often portray realistic and relatable protagonists who face moral dilemmas and personal struggles as they navigate the high-stakes situations in which they find themselves.
13. Short narratives: Breaking down the plot into smaller, more manageable sections for pacing and tension building.
14. Plot twists and cliffhangers: Thrillers are known for their unexpected turns and shocking revelations, which keep readers guessing until the very end. These surprises can be found throughout the narrative but often culminate in a climactic twist at the conclusion of the story. Keep surprising readers with unexpected events or revelations to maintain their interest.
15. Intense climax scene: A dramatic, high-stakes conclusion that resolves the central conflict of the story. The final confrontation between the protagonist and antagonist is typically a tense, action-packed sequence that pushes both characters to their limits. This scene often involves life or death stakes for one or more main characters.
16. Subplots: Secondary stories that complement the main plot, often involving character development or additional tension.
17. The seven-point plot structure: This is a popular narrative template for thrillers, which includes elements like the hook, first and second plot points, pinch points, midpoint, and resolution.
18. Fast pacing: To maintain tension throughout the story, thrillers often have short chapters and quick scenes. The plot moves at a rapid pace with little time for reflection or character development outside of what is necessary to advance the story.
19. Suspenseful openings: Thrillers typically begin with an intense scene that hooks readers immediately, setting the tone for the entire book or film. This could be a murder, a car chase, or any other high-stakes event.
20. Villain: A compelling antagonist with clear motives is crucial for creating tension, conflict, and suspense in thrillers. The villain’s actions drive the plot forward while posing significant challenges to protagonists or heroes trying to overcome obstacles within a high-stakes narrative context.
21. Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about future events, outcomes, or revelations that build anticipation and suspense throughout the storyline by subtly guiding readers’ expectations without revealing too much information prematurely.
22. Motivated characters with contrasting goals: Protagonists driven to achieve specific objectives (e.g., stopping a villain, uncovering secrets) often find themselves in conflict or competition against other characters who have opposing goals and motivations that further complicate the narrative’s progression.
23. Time constraints: Many thrillers involve time-sensitive scenarios where protagonists must act quickly to prevent disaster, solve a mystery before it’s too late or outsmart their adversaries within tight deadlines (e.g., ticking bomb scenario).
24. Atmosphere and setting: The setting plays an essential role in creating tension and suspense within thrillers by establishing high-stakes environments (e.g., isolated locations, urban landscapes), which heighten the sense of danger or urgency for characters navigating through these challenges.

These plot devices can be used individually or in combination to create a thrilling narrative that keeps readers engaged and invested in the story, and captures your readers’ attention from beginning to end.

Average word count

Typically between 70,000 to 95,000 words. However, this can vary depending on the specific story and the author’s writing style.